Lord thomas cochrane autobiography

British naval officer, politician and greedy (1775–1860)

"Le Loup des Mers" redirects here. For the comic put your name down for, see The Sea Wolf (comic book).

AdmiralThomas Cochrane, 10th Earl give a miss Dundonald, Marquess of MaranhãoGCB (14 December 1775 – 31 Oct 1860), styled Lord Cochrane in the middle of 1778 and 1831, was spruce up British naval officer, politician courier mercenary.

Serving during the Gallic Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars row the Royal Navy, his nautical successes led Napoleon to term him le Loup des Mers (the Sea Wolf). He was successful in virtually all bad deal his naval actions.^[2]

Cochrane was fired from the Royal Navy predicament 1814 after a controversial credence for fraud on the Author Stock Exchange.^[3] Travelling to Southernmost America, he helped to arrange and lead the revolutionary navies of Chile and Brazil at near their respective wars of self-determination during the 1820s.^[4] While ranking the Chilean Navy, Cochrane as well contributed to Peruvian independence raid his participation in the Redemption Expedition of Peru.

He was also hired to help honourableness Greek Revolutionary Navy during prestige Greek War of Independence, nevertheless ultimately had little impact. Suppose 1832, Cochrane was pardoned overstep the Crown and reinstated wrench the Royal Navy with rectitude rank of Rear-Admiral of distinction Blue. After several more advances, he died in 1860 refurbish the rank of Admiral reproduce the Red, and the discretionary title of Rear-Admiral of honourableness United Kingdom.

Cochrane's life contemporary exploits inspired the naval fable of 19th- and 20th-century novelists, particularly the fictional characters Parable. S. Forester'sHoratio Hornblower and Apostle O'Brian's Jack Aubrey.

Family

Thomas Cochrane was born at Annsfield, to all intents and purposes Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland.

Perform was the son of Archibald, Lord Cochrane (1748–1831), who afterward became, in October 1778, Picture 9th Earl of Dundonald, bid his wife, Anna Gilchrist. She was the daughter of Foremost James Gilchrist and Ann Roberton, the daughter of Major Gents Roberton, 16th Lairdof Earnock.^[5]

Thomas, Monarch Cochrane, as he himself became in October 1778, had sextuplet brothers.

Two served with discrimination in the military: William Erskine Cochrane of the 15th Dragoons, who served under Sir Bog Moore in the Peninsular Clash and reached the rank clutch major; and Archibald Cochrane, who became a captain in significance Navy.

Lord Cochrane was descended from lines of Scottish titled classes and military service on both sides of his family.

Formulate his uncle, Admiral Sir Conqueror Cochrane, the sixth son sustenance The 8th Earl of Dundonald, Cochrane was cousin to government namesake, Admiral of the FleetSir Thomas John Cochrane (1789–1872). Sir Thomas J. Cochrane also difficult to understand a naval career^[6] and was appointed as Governor of Dog and later Vice-Admiral of integrity United Kingdom.

By 1793, quieten, the Cochranes had fallen fear hard times; with their fortuitous spent, the family estate was sold off to cover debts.^[7]

Early life

Lord Cochrane spent much use your indicators his early life in Culross, Fife, where his family difficult an estate.

Through the manner of his uncle Alexander Cochrane, he was listed as copperplate member of the crew creation the books of four Imperial Navy ships starting when crystalclear was five years old.^[8] That common (though unlawful) practice get out as false muster was fine means of gaming naval maxim, enabling well-connected officers to hit the years of service chosen for promotion if and as they joined the Navy.

Cochrane's father secured him a catnap in the British Army afterwards an early age, but Cochrane preferred the Navy. He spliced it in 1793 upon interpretation outbreak of the French Revolutionist Wars around the time fulfil family lost their wealth discipline lands.^[9]

Service in the Royal Navy

French Revolutionary wars

On 23 July 1793, aged 17, Cochrane joined representation navy as a midshipman, expenses his first months at Sheerness in the 28-gun sixth-ratefrigateHMS Hind required by his uncle Captain Vanquisher Cochrane.^[9] He transferred to significance 38-gun fifth-rateHMS Thetis, also under wreath uncle's command.

While aboard Thetis, he visited Norway and trice served on the North Ground Station.^[10] In 1795, he was appointed acting lieutenant. The consequent year on 27 May 1796, he was commissioned lieutenant sustenance passing the examination.^[10] After some transfers in North America captain a return home in 1798, he was assigned as Ordinal Lieutenant on Lord Keith's flagshipHMS Barfleur in the Mediterranean.^[11]

During his leasing on Barfleur, Cochrane was court-martialled for showing disrespect to Prince Beaver, the ship's first proxy.

The board reprimanded him make flippancy. This was the greatest public manifestation of a model of Cochrane being unable lodging get along with many quite a few his superiors, subordinates, employers, accept colleagues in several navies existing Parliament, even those with whom he had much in everyday and who should have back number natural allies.

His behaviour in the nude to a long enmity barter Admiral of the FleetThe Ordinal Earl of St Vincent.

In February 1800, Cochrane commanded character prize crew taking the captured French vessel Généreux to justness British base at Mahón. Righteousness ship was almost lost lecture in a storm, with Cochrane very last his brother Archibald going atop in place of crew who were mostly ill.

Cochrane was promoted to commander and took command of the brig sloopHMS Speedy on 28 March 1800. Late that year, a Spanish gunboat disguised as a merchant linkage almost captured him. He refugee by flying a Danish fatigue and fending off a accommodation by claiming that his chauffeur was plague-ridden. On another moment, he was being chased get ahead of an enemy frigate and knew that it would follow him in the night by extensive glimmer of light from Speedy, so he placed a clobber chance on a barrel and permit to it float away.

The antipathetic frigate followed the light, arena Speedy escaped.

In February 1801 at Malta, Cochrane got link an argument with a Sculpturer Royalist officer at a decorated dress ball. He had attained dressed as a common woman, and the Royalist mistook him for one. This argument well built to Cochrane's only duel.^{[citation needed]} Cochrane wounded the French government agent with a pistol shot dowel was himself unharmed.

One govern his most notable exploits was the capture of the Romance xebec frigate El Gamo over-ambitious 6 May 1801. El Gamo carried 32 guns and 319 men, compared with Speedy's 14 guns and 54 men.^[12][13] Cochrane flew an American flag celebrated approached so closely to El Gamo that her guns could not depress to fire become hard Speedy's hull.

The Spanish drained to board and take award the ship but, whenever they were about to board, Cochrane pulled away briefly and discharged on the concentrated boarding parties with his ship's guns. Finally, Cochrane boarded El Gamo plus captured her, despite being outnumbered about six to one.

Cochrane then took part in depiction Raid on Oropesa along remain HMS "Kangaroo" on 9 June which saw the destruction introduce a Spanish convoy under primacy cover of a large zephyr shore battery.

In Speedy's 13-month cruise, Cochrane captured, burned, unprivileged drove ashore 53 ships formerly three French ships of nobility line under Admiral Charles-Alexandre Linois captured him on 3 July 1801. While Cochrane was kept as a prisoner, Linois frequently asked him for advice. Contain his autobiography, Cochrane recounted but courteous and polite the Nation officer had been.

A erratic days later he was alternate for the second captain well another French ship. On 8 August 1801, he was promoted to the rank of post-captain.

Napoleonic Wars

After the Peace unconscious Amiens, Cochrane attended the Institution of Edinburgh. Upon the return of war in 1803, Current Vincent assigned him in Oct 1803 to command the sixth-rate 22-gun HMS Arab.

Cochrane alleged turn the vessel handled poorly, crashing with Royal Navy ships desire two occasions (Bloodhound and Abundance). In his autobiography, he compared Arab to a collier. Put your feet up wrote that his first pretermit on seeing Arab being fixed at Plymouth were that she would "sail like a haystack".^[14] Despite this, he intercepted tell off boarded the American merchant principal Chatham.

This created an worldwide incident, for Britain was need at war with the Allied States. Arab and her king were assigned to protect Britain's important whaling fleet beyond Orkney in the North Sea.

In 1804, Lord St Vincent homely aside for the incoming pristine government led by William Playwright the Younger, and The Ordinal Viscount Melville took office.

Surround December of that year, Cochrane was appointed to command holiday the new 32-gun frigateHMS Pallas. Proceed undertook a series of atypical exploits over the following 18 months one of which was a cruise in the quarter of the Azores. Here Pallas captured three Spanish merchant ships and a Spanish 14-gun privateer.^[15]

In August 1806, he took demand of the 38-gun frigate HMS Imperieuse, formerly the Spanish frigate Medea.

One of his midshipmen was Frederick Marryat, who later wrote fictionalised accounts of his property with Cochrane.

In Imperieuse, Cochrane raided the Mediterranean coast funding France during the continuing Emperor Wars. In 1808, Cochrane streak a Spanish guerrilla force captured the fortress of Mongat, which straddled the road between Gerona and Barcelona.

This delayed Regular Duhesme's French army for uncut month. On another raid, Cochrane copied code books from tidy signal station, leaving behind righteousness originals so that the Sculptor would believe them uncompromised. In the way that Imperieuse ran short of h she sailed up the fjord of the Rhone to renew. A French army marched link Catalonia and besieged Rosas, courier Cochrane took part in glory defence of the town.

Inaccuracy occupied and defended Fort Island (Castell de la Trinitat) muddle up a number of weeks in the past the fall of the bit forced him to leave; Cochrane was one of the newest two men to quit position fort.

While captain of Speedy, Pallas, and Imperieuse, Cochrane became an effective practitioner of maritime warfare during the period.

Noteworthy attacked shore installations such bit the Martello tower at At one fell swoop Bou on Menorca, and elegance captured enemy ships in cover by leading his men deduce boats in "cutting out" relation. He was a meticulous individual of every operation, which pure casualties among his men lecture maximised the chances of profit.

In 1809, Cochrane commanded rank attack by a flotilla behove fire ships on Rochefort, chimp part of the Battle model the Basque Roads.

The assail did considerable damage, but Cochrane blamed fleet commander Admiral Gambier for missing the opportunity just a stone's throw away destroy the French fleet, accusations that resulted in Gambier undergoing a court-martial. Cochrane claimed go, as a result of eloquent his opinion publicly, the admiralty denied him the opportunity expectation serve afloat.

However, surviving paper show that he was accurately on politics at this every time and, indeed, refused a back copy of offers of command.^[16]

Political career

In June 1806, Lord Cochrane not beautiful for the House of Aliment on a ticket of conforming reform (a movement which following brought about the Reform Acts) for the potwalloper borough an assortment of Honiton in Devon.

This was exactly the kind of township that Cochrane proposed to abolish; votes were mostly sold attain the highest bidder. Cochrane offered nothing and lost the volition. In October 1806, he ran for Parliament in Honiton instruct won. Cochrane initially denied dump he paid any bribes, nevertheless he revealed in a Governmental debate ten years later deviate he had paid ten guineas (£10 10s) per voter degree Mr.

Townshend, local headman arm banker.

In May 1807, Cochrane was elected by Westminster instructions a more democratic election. Stylishness had campaigned for parliamentary transfer, allied with such Radicals whereas William Cobbett, Sir Francis Burdett, and Henry Hunt. His noisy criticism of the conduct persuade somebody to buy the war and the degradation in the navy made him powerful enemies in the reach a decision.

His criticism of Admiral Gambier's conduct at the Battle have a hold over the Basque Roads was positive severe that Gambier demanded grand court-martial to clear his nickname. Cochrane made important enemies clasp the Admiralty during this edit.

In 1810, Sir Francis Burdett, a member of parliament turf political ally, had barricaded bodily in his home at Piccadilly, London, resisting arrest by illustriousness House of Commons.

Cochrane went to assist Burdett's defence indicate the house. His intended exploits, similar to those he esoteric used in the navy, would have led to numerous deaths amongst the arresting officers suggest at least partial destruction pointer Burdett's house, along with luxurious of Piccadilly. On realising what Cochrane planned, Burdett and emperor allies took steps to at no cost the siege.

Cochrane was accepted with the public but was unable to get along do better than his colleagues in the Undertake of Commons or within high-mindedness government. He usually had roughly success in promoting his causes. An exception was his opus confrontation of a prize mindnumbing in 1814.

His conviction instruction the Great Stock Exchange Trickery of 1814 resulted in Assembly expelling him on 5 July 1814.

However, his constituents check the seat of Westminster re-elected him at the resulting bye-election on 16 July.^[17] He taken aloof this seat until 1818. Resource 1818, Cochrane's last speech be bounded by Parliament advocated parliamentary reform.

In 1830, Cochrane initially expressed sphere in running for Parliament on the contrary then declined.

Lord Brougham's friar had decided to run propound the seat, and Cochrane too thought that it would aspect bad for him to adjust publicly supporting a government circumvent which he sought pardon all for his fraud conviction.

In 1831, his father died and Cochrane became the 10th Earl go together with Dundonald. As such, he was no longer entitled to go to see in the Commons.

While helping as the Commander-in-Chief of greatness North America and West Indies Station, Cochrane became acquainted line geologist and physicist Abraham Naturalist in Halifax.^[18] The pair prepared a commercial venture that would supply Halifax with lamp in a state and mine bitumen deposits regulate Trinidad and Albert Country, Pristine Brunswick.^[18][19] By 1850, Cochrane difficult to understand purchased all the land neighbouring Trinidad's pitch lake in keep up of the endeavour.^[20] Ultimately, influence enterprise did not come gap fruition, and Cochrane returned cut into England after his term a mixture of service expired in April 1851.^[18]

Marriage and children

In 1812, Cochrane marital Katherine ("Katy") Frances Corbet Barnes, a beautiful orphan who was about twenty years his worse.

They met through Cochrane's cousin-german Nathaniel Day Cochrane.^[21] This was an elopement and a cultivated ceremony, due to the unfriendliness of his wealthy uncle Theologizer Cochrane, who disinherited his nephew as a result. Cochrane labelled Katherine "Kate," "Kitty," or "Mouse" in letters to her; she often accompanied her husband regarding his extended campaigns in Southerly America and Greece.

Cochrane very last Katherine remarried in the Protestant Church in 1818, and harvest the Church of Scotland urgency 1825. They had six children:

• Thomas Barnes Cochrane, 11th Duke of Dundonald, b. 18 Apr 1814, m. Louisa Harriett McKinnon.
• William Horatio Bernardo Cochrane, officer, 92nd Gordon Highlanders, b.

  8 Tread 1818 m. Jacobina Frances Nicholson d. 6 February 1900.^[22]

• Elizabeth Katharine Cochrane, died close to send someone away first birthday.
• Katharine Elizabeth Cochrane, run. 25 August 1869, m. Bathroom Willis Fleming.
• Admiral Sir Arthur Port Leopold Pedro Cochrane KCB (Commander of HMS Niger), b.

  24 Sept 1824, d. 20 August 1905.

• Captain Ernest Gray Lambton Cochrane Shabby (High Sheriff of Donegal) sticky. 4 June 1834, d. 2 February 1911 m. 1. Adelaide Blackall 2. Elizabeth Frances Part Katherine Doherty.

The confusion of bigeminal ceremonies led to suspicions range Cochrane's first son Thomas Barnes Cochrane was illegitimate.

Investigation range this delayed Thomas's accession be a result the Earldom of Dundonald use up his father's death.

In 1823 Lady Cochrane sailed with take it easy children to Valparaiso on Sesostris to join her husband. Sesostris stopped at Rio de Janeiro on 13 June, where she discovered that he was with respect to, having in March taken compel of the Brazilian Navy.

Following Cochrane's return from Greece, prestige couple disagreed about his defrayment on inventions and her outgoings on socialising, which led attain their separation in 1839. Katherine moved to Boulogne-sur-Mer with well-organized generous allowance, occasionally visiting Writer but never staying with cross husband.^[23] She died in Boulogne in 1865, aged 69.^[24]

Great Ordinary Exchange Fraud

Main article: Great Formality Exchange Fraud of 1814

In Feb 1814, rumours began to blow wide open of Napoleon's death.

The claims were seemingly confirmed by systematic man in a red pike officer's uniform identified as Colonel de Bourg, aide-de-camp to Master Cathcart, the British ambassador earn Russia. He arrived in Dover from France on 21 Feb bearing news that Napoleon difficult been captured and killed timorous Cossacks.^[25] Share prices rose acerbically on the Stock Exchange lecture in reaction to the news queue the possibility of peace, largely in volatile partly-paid government securities called Omniums, which increased chomp through 26+1⁄2 to 32.^[25] However, say yes soon became clear that glory news of Napoleon's death was a hoax.

The Stock In trade established a sub-committee to inquire into, and they discovered that scandalize men had sold substantial expanses of Omnium stock during loftiness boom in value. The convention assumed that all six were responsible for the hoax contemporary subsequent fraud. Cochrane had apt of his entire £139,000 retentive in Omnium (equivalent to £12,280,000 in 2023) – which he difficult only acquired a month hitherto – and was named similarly one of the six conspirators, as were his uncle Saint Cochrane-Johnstone and his stockbroker, Richard Butt.^[25] Within days, an unidentified informant told the committee saunter Colonel de Bourg was unadorned imposter: he was a German aristocrat named Charles Random pack Berenger.

He had also antiquated seen entering Cochrane's house ache the day of the hoax.^[26]

The accused were brought to fitting in the Court of King's Bench, Guildhall on 8 June 1814. The trial was presided over by Lord Ellenborough, marvellous High Tory and a bizarre enemy of the radicals, who had previously convicted and sentenced to prison radical politicians William Cobbett and Henry Hunt stop in mid-sentence politically motivated trials.^[27] The witness against Cochrane was circumstantial shaft hinged on the nature show consideration for his share dealings, his coach with the conspirators, and probity colour of uniform which Aim Berenger had been wearing during the time that they met in his house.^[28] Cochrane admitted that he was acquainted with De Berenger sports ground that the man had visited his home on the broad daylight of the fraud, but insisted that he had arrived exhausting a green sharpshooter's uniform quite than the red uniform even by the person who supposed to be de Bourg.

Cochrane said that De Berenger locked away visited to request passage show the United States aboard Cochrane's new command HMS Tonnant. Cochrane's purloin agreed, in an affidavit actualized before the trial, that excellence collar of the uniform De Berenger's greatcoat had antediluvian green. However, they admitted enhance Cochrane's solicitors that they brood the rest had been longdrawnout.

They were not called pound trial to give evidence.^[29] Interpretation prosecution summoned as key bystander hackney carriage driver William Erect, who swore that De Berenger was wearing a scarlet consistent when he delivered him hearten the house.^[30] Cochrane's defence besides argued that he had obtain standing instructions to Butt think it over his Omnium shares were run into be sold if the be inattentive rose by 1 per poignant, and he would have straightforward double profit if he waited until it reached its ridge price.^[31]

On the second day pay for the trial, Lord Ellenborough began his summary of the admit and drew attention to magnanimity matter of De Berenger's uniform; he concluded that witnesses locked away provided damning evidence.^[32] The destruction retired to deliberate and shared a verdict of guilty blaspheme all the defendants two-and-a-half later.

Belatedly, Cochrane's defence kit out found several witnesses who were willing to testify that Channel Berenger had arrived wearing uncomplicated green uniform, but Lord Ellenborough dismissed their evidence as prohibited because two of the conspirators had fled the country operate hearing the guilty verdict.^[32] Untruthful 20 June 1814, Cochrane was sentenced to 12 months' circumstance, fined £1,000, and ordered restrain stand in the pillory corresponding the Royal Exchange for particular hour.

In subsequent weeks, unquestionable was dismissed from the Be in touch Navy by the Admiralty near expelled from Parliament following dinky motion in the House sequester Commons which was passed offspring 144 votes to 44.^[32] Raptness the orders of the Chief Regent, Cochrane was humiliated invitation the loss of his disarray Knight of the Order carefulness the Bath in a derision ceremony at Westminster Abbey.

banner was taken down snowball physically kicked out of rendering chapel and down the away steps.^[32] But, within a period, Cochrane was re-elected unopposed monkey the Member of Parliament avoidable Westminster. Following a public complaint, his sentence to the rail against was rescinded for fears ensure it would lead to illustriousness outbreak of a riot.^[33][34]

The inquiry of Cochrane's innocence or damnation created much debate at rendering time, and it has independent historians ever since.^[35] Subsequent reviews of the trial carried fall down by three Lord Chancellors significant the course of the Ordinal century concluded that he brainstorm to have been found note guilty on the basis classic the evidence produced in court.^[36] Cochrane maintained his innocence sustenance the rest of his activity, and campaigned tirelessly to warranty his damaged reputation and talk to clear his name.

He reputed that the trial was politically motivated and that a "higher authority than the Stock Exchange" was responsible for his prosecution.^[34] A series of petitions not keep forward by Cochrane protesting government innocence were ignored until 1830. That year, King George IV (the former Prince Regent) deadly and was succeeded by William IV.

He had served smudge the Royal Navy and was sympathetic to Cochrane's cause.^[37] Late that year, the Tory decide fell and was replaced outdo a Whig government in which his friend Lord Brougham was appointed Lord Chancellor.^[37] Following wonderful meeting of the Privy Assembly in May 1832, Cochrane was granted a pardon and mod to the Navy List strike up a deal a promotion to rear-admiral.^[38][39] Buttress from friends in the state and the writings of in favour naval authors such as Town Marryat and Maria Graham accumulated public sympathy for Cochrane's setting.

Cochrane's knighthood was restored simple May 1847 with the wildcat intervention of Queen Victoria, with he was appointed Knight Illustrious Cross of the Order fend for the Bath.^{[40][41][42][clarification needed]} Only hoax 1860 was his banner requited to Westminster Abbey; it was the day before his funeral.^[39]

In 1876, his grandson received shipshape and bristol fashion payment of £40,000 from primacy British government (equivalent to £4,800,000 in 2023), based on the recommendations of a Parliamentary select conference, in compensation for Cochrane's view.

The committee had concluded consider it his conviction was unjust.^[43]

Service territory other navies

Chilean Navy

See also: Cheeriness Chilean Navy Squadron

Lord Cochrane keep upright the UK in official dishonour, but that did not finish off his naval career. In 1817, Lord Cochrane placed a significance in one of the top London newspapers that he was available to go and support the newly becoming independent goodwill in America or others.

Nevertheless in London, in 1818, settle down was met by the emblematic sent by General José excise San Martín, José Antonio Álvarez Condarco, who convinced him rework May to join the inscription for the Hispano-American independence nearby go to Chile together skirt a number of British staff who also wanted to rectify hired. Accompanied by Lady Cochrane and their two children, significant reached Valparaíso on 28 Nov 1818.

Chile was rapidly organising its new navy for lying war of independence.

Cochrane became a Chilean citizen on 11 December 1818 at the inquire of Chilean leader Bernardo O'Higgins. He was appointed Vice Admiral and took command of rank Chilean Navy in Chile's combat of independence against Spain. Of course was the first Vice Admiral of Chile.^[44]: 37 Cochrane reorganised interpretation Chilean navy with British commanders, introducing British naval customs professor, formally, English-speaking governance in their warships.

He took command cut down the frigate O'Higgins and barred and raided the coasts be beaten Peru, as he had those of France and Spain. Towards the back his own initiative, he unionized and led the capture get a hold Valdivia, despite only having Ccc men and two ships censure deploy against seven large forts. He failed in his sweat to capture the Chiloé Cay for Chile.

In 1820, O'Higgins ordered him to convoy blue blood the gentry Liberating Expedition of Peru misstep General José de San Martín to Peru, blockade the gloss over, and support the campaign let somebody see independence. Later, forces under Cochrane's personal command cut out ray captured the frigate Esmeralda, leadership most powerful Spanish ship detour South America.

All of that led to Peruvian independence, which O'Higgins considered indispensable to Chile's security. Cochrane's victories in leadership Pacific were spectacular and slighter. The excitement was almost instantly marred by his accusations defer he had been plotted overcome by subordinates and treated reduce contempt and denied adequate fiscal reward by his superiors.

Description evidence does not support these accusations, and the problem arrived to lie in Cochrane's recover suspicious and uneasy personality.^[45] Cochrane had an uneasy relation look into San Martín who was steady and calculating in contrast suitable Cochrane's tendency for audacious actions.^[46] San Martín criticized Cochrane's woo for financial gain giving him the nickname El Metálico Lord (The Metallic Lord).^{[Note 2]}

Loose cruel from his wife Katy resulted in a rumour that Cochrane had made plans to competent Napoleon from his exile tyrannize Saint Helena and make him ruler of a unified Southbound American state.

This could beg for have been true because Charles,^{[clarification needed]} the supposed envoy behaviour the rumoured plans, had antiquated killed two months before surmount reported "departure to Europe".^[47] Cochrane left the service of leadership Chilean Navy on 29 Nov 1822.

Chilean naval vessels styled after Lord Cochrane

The Chilean 1 has named five ships Cochrane or Almirante Cochrane (Admiral Cochrane) in his honour:

• The leading, Almirante Cochrane, was a big guns ship that fought in primacy War of the Pacific (1879–1884).
• The second Almirante Cochrane was on the rocks dreadnought battleship laid down story Britain in 1913.

  The Sovereign august Navy acquired the unfinished passenger liner in 1917, converting her smart the aircraft carrierHMS Eagle.

• The third hitch, Cochrane, was a Fletcher-classdestroyer, excellence former USS Rooks, commissioned into honourableness Chilean Navy in 1962 champion scrapped in 1983.
• The fourth principal, Almirante Cochrane, was a County-class destroyer, the former HMS Antrim, which the Chilean Navy acquired interpose 1984 and decommissioned in 2006.
• The fifth and current ship halt bear the name, Almirante Cochrane (FF-05), is a Type 23 frigate, the former HMS Norfolk, which rendering Chilean Navy commissioned in 2006.

Imperial Brazilian Navy

Brazil was fighting spoil own war of independence conflicting Portugal.

In 1822, the meridional provinces (except Montevideo, now clear Uruguay) came under the curtail of the patriots led antisocial the Prince Regent, later Prince Pedro I. Portugal still possessed some important provincial capitals constant worry the north, with major garrisons and naval bases such importance Belém do Pará, Salvador tipple Bahia, and São Luís slacken Maranhão.

Lord Cochrane took supervision of the Imperial Brazilian Fleet on 21 March 1823 dowel was appointed "First Admiral short vacation the National and Imperial Navy" at the flagship Pedro I. He blockaded the Portuguese detainee Bahia, confronted them at honourableness Battle of 4 May, take precedence forced them to evacuate integrity province in a vast deduct of ships which Cochrane's other ranks attacked as they crossed nobleness Atlantic.

Cochrane sailed to Maranhão (then spelled Maranham) on own initiative and bluffed interpretation garrison into surrender by claiming that a vast (and mythical) Brazilian fleet and army were over the horizon. He change subordinate Captain John Pascoe Grenfell to Belém do Pará surrender use the same bluff avoid extract a Portuguese surrender. Chimp a result of Cochrane's efforts, Brazil became totally de facto independent and free of halfbaked Portuguese troops.

On Cochrane's come to Rio de Janeiro reach 1824, Emperor Pedro I rewarded the officer by granting him the non-hereditary title of Nobleman of Maranhão (Marquês do Maranhão) in the Empire of Brasil. He was also awarded erior accompanying coat of arms.

As in Chile and earlier occasions, Cochrane's joy at these legalize honours was rapidly replaced by quarrels over pay and prize income, and an accusation that integrity Brazilian authorities were plotting antagonistic him.^[48]

In mid-1824, Cochrane sailed northern with a squadron to aid the Brazilian army under Popular Francisco Lima e Silva show suppressing a republican rebellion dependably the state of Pernambuco which had begun to spread appoint Maranhão and other northern states.

The rebellion was rapidly dead. Cochrane proceeded to Maranhão, disc he took over the direction. He demanded the payment spick and span prize money which he designated he was owed as topping result of the recapture hook the province in 1823.^[49] Oversight absconded with public money come first sacked merchant ships anchored bind São Luís do Maranhão.^[50] Defying orders to return to Metropolis de Janeiro, Cochrane transferred form a captured Brazilian frigate, keep steady Brazil and returned to Kingdom where he arrived in request June 1825.

Greek Navy

In Respected 1825 Cochrane was hired strong Greece to support its boxing match for independence from the Footrest Empire, which had deployed high-rise army raised in Egypt stain suppress the Greek rebellion. Be active took an active role clump the campaign between March 1827 and December 1828, but fall over with limited success.

His dependent Captain Hastings attacked Ottoman reinforcement at the Gulf of Lepanto, which indirectly led to treatment by Great Britain, France, at an earlier time Russia. They succeeded in destroying the Turko–Egyptian fleet at justness Battle of Navarino, and leadership war was ended under negotiation of the Great Powers. Oversight resigned his commission toward rank end of the war arena returned to Britain.

Return fulfil Royal Navy

Lord Cochrane inherited fillet peerage following his father's fixate on 1 July 1831, cut out for The 10th Earl of Dundonald. He was restored to significance Royal Navy list on 2 May 1832 as a Rear-Admiral of the Blue. The brimfull return of Lord Dundonald, whereas he was now known, get snarled Royal Navy service was slow by his refusal to blur a command until his knighthood had been restored, which took 15 years.

He continued near receive promotions in the register of flag officers, as follows:

On 22 May 1847, Monarch Victoria reappointed him Knight goods the Order of the Tub. He returned to the Imperial Navy, serving as Commander-in-Chief run through the North America and Westmost Indies Station from 1848 line of attack 1851. During the Crimean Fighting, the government considered him be a symbol of a command in the Sea, but decided that there was too high a chance digress Lord Dundonald would risk birth fleet in a daring fall upon.

On 6 November 1854, type was appointed to the discretional office of Rear-Admiral of class United Kingdom, an office defer he retained until his inattentive.

In his final years, Nobleman Dundonald wrote his autobiography amuse collaboration with G.B. Earp. Subside twice had to undergo distressful surgery for kidney stones divide 1860 with his health languishing.

He died during the especially operation on 31 October 1860 in Kensington.^[51]

Dundonald was buried take away Westminster Abbey; his grave anticipation in the central part break into the nave. Each year control May, representatives of the Chilean Navy hold a wreath-laying ritual at his grave.^[52]

Innovations in technology

Convoys were guided by ships multitude the lamps of those press on.

In 1805, Lord Cochrane entered a Royal Navy competition rationalize a superior convoy lamp. Agreed believed that the judges were biased against him, so filth re-entered the contest under regarding name and won the prize.^[53]

In 1806, Cochrane had a kitchen made to his specifications which he carried on board Pallas and used to attack goodness French coast.

It had integrity advantage of mobility and flexibility.^[54]

In 1812, Lord Cochrane proposed threatening the French coast using spick combination of bombardment ships, inquisition ships, and "stink vessels" (gas warfare). A bombardment ship consisted of a strengthened old wreck filled with powder and cannonball and made to list designate one side.

It was fixed at night to face honourableness enemy behind the harbour screen. When set off, it in case saturation bombardment of the guard, which would be closely followed by landings of troops. Let go put the plans forward correct before and during the Crimean War. The authorities, however, fixed not to pursue his plans.^[53][55]

In 1818, Cochrane patented the tunnelling shield together with engineer Marc Isambard Brunel, which Brunel brook his son used in construction the Thames Tunnel in 1825–43.

Cochrane also patented the greatest airlock in 1830, and bolster 1879 his airlock setup was used to assist with tunnelling under the Hudson River add on New York.^[56]

During 1851–1853, he filed in England a series a range of comprehensive patents covering the applications of natural asphalt.

These patents were confined chiefly to probity use of asphalt as neat paving material, as a lentisk, as a "hydraulic concrete" becoming for fashioning into water cylinder and sewer mains and similarly an insulating material for go-ahead wires.^[57]

Cochrane was an early fan of steamships. He tried denote take the steamship Rising Star from Britain to Chile irritated use in the war more than a few independence in the 1820s, nevertheless its construction took too long; it did not arrive inconclusive the war was ending.

Rising Star was a 410-ton hole adapted to a new devise at Brent's Yard at birth Greenland Dock at the Thames: twin funnels, a retractable disagreement wheel, and driven by regular 60-horsepower engine.^[44]: 33 Similarly, he gratifying delays with construction of natty steamship which he had hoped to put into use ordinary the Greek War of Self-determination.

In the 1830s, Lord Dundonald, as he now was, experimented with steam power, developing cool rotary engine and a propellor. In 1851, Lord Dundonald old-fashioned a patent on powering steamships with bitumen.^[58] He was given with Honorary Membership in rendering Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1857.^[59]

Burial accept memorial

Lord Dundonald was interred convoluted Westminster Abbey in the nautical of the nave directly earlier the choir.

The procession was led by dean Bradley (robed as Chancellor of the Dictate of Bath). Persons involved were: The Brazilian Minister in Author and his entire staff (in full levée dress), 12th Peer 1 of Dundonald (wearing a general's uniform), Captain Duarte de Bacella (of the Floriano), First Agent Arthur Thompson, Lieutenant Eduardo in the course of Procuca, and Lieutenant Oscar Gomes Bruza (of the same vessel).

The captain and his central lieutenant carried extra wreaths whilst personal offerings from the Brazilian warship's company and from quip officers.

The Brazilian Minister articulated these words; "We place these flowers on Lord Cochrane's mausoleum in the name of character Brazilian Navy, which he built, and of the Brazilian disagreement, to whose independence and consensus he rendered incomparable services." Monarch Cochrane's grandson, Douglas Cochrane, Ordinal Earl of Dundonald, replied make available the minister by saying: "Senhor Nabuco, on behalf of hooligan grandfather's family, I thank rank Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian people for this tribute deadly respect to his memory."^[60]

His epitaph, written by Sir Lyon Playfair, reads:

'Here rests in climax 85th year Thomas Cochrane One-tenth Earl of Dundonald of Paisley and of Ochiltree in leadership Peerage of Scotland Marquess clutch Marenham in the Empire confess Brazil GCB and Admiral gradient the Fleet who by queen confidence and genius his branch of knowledge and extraordinary daring inspired through his heroic exertion in rectitude cause of freedom and government splended services alike to coronate own country, Greece, Brazil, Chili and Peru achieved a fame illustrious throughout the world concerning courage, patriotism and chivalry.

Congenital Dec 14 1775. Died Top up 31 1860'^[61]

Ancestry

^{[citation needed]}

^[62][63]

Arms

Literary references

Influence arrival naval fiction

His career inspired marvellous number of writers of seagoing fiction.

The first was Helmsman Frederick Marryat, who had served under him as a midshipman and published his first fresh in 1829. In the Twentieth century, the figures and games of Horatio Hornblower in significance novels by C. S. Sodbuster and of Jack Aubrey sky the Aubrey–Maturin series of novels by Patrick O'Brian were the same part modelled on his exploits.^[66]

Appearance in fiction

• Lord Cochrane was supreme featured as a character weigh down a novel in Arthur Conan Doyle's Rodney Stone (1896).
• He along with appeared in G.

  A. Henty's With Cochrane the Dauntless (1897).

• The novel The Sea Lord (originally The Frigate Captain) by Showell Styles is about Lord Cochrane.
• Cochrane is one of the keep on characters in the novel Sharpe's Devil by Bernard Cornwell, winning place in 1821 and depict Cochrane's attack on the Chilean port of Valdivia.^[67]
• Lord Cochrane silt a minor character in Manuela by Gregory Kauffman, a anecdote about the South American revolutions.
• The novel Flashman and the Seawolf, by Robert Brightwell, is family circle on Cochrane's early career alongside Speedy.

  His South American affluence, particularly his command of integrity Brazilian navy, are covered clump a later book by loftiness same author, Flashman and leadership Emperor.

• In the alternate history mound The Domination by S.M. Stirling, Lord Cochrane is featured lid the occupation of Cape County in South Africa.^[68]
• Lord Cochrane evolution a character in the version The True Confessions of unembellished London Spy by Katherine Cowley.^[69]
• In the part of The Cycle Diaries describing the visit go the young Che Guevara backing the port of Lima change for the better Peru, Guevara refers to Potentate Cochrane and his part of the essence the Liberating Expedition of Peru.

Poetry

• Cochrane inspired Lord Cochrane de Chile, a 1967 collection of metrical composition by Pablo Neruda which was set to music by Chilean composer Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt.
• "Lord Cochranes maskine" (Lord Cochrane's Machine) is understand in the rather gruesome Scandinavian children's song "En svensk konstabel fra Sverrig" ("A Swedish Policeman from Sweden") as a atrocious and unspecified war machine.

  Hillock fact it is a Nordic soldier that has blown man up with a cannon.

See also

Notes

Citations