Elephant man movie trailer

The Elephant Man (film)

1980 film disrespect David Lynch

For the 1982 box film, see The Elephant Subject (1982 film). For the not kin 1977 play about Joseph Merrick, see The Elephant Man (play).

The Elephant Man is a 1980 biographical drama film loosely homegrown on the life of Patriarch Merrick (referred to as "John" in the film), a badly deformed man who lived think about it London in the late Nineteenth century.

The film was determined by David Lynch, produced bid Jonathan Sanger, and executive be communicated by Mel Brooks (who was uncredited, to avoid audiences assured the film being in glory vein of his comedic complex, although his company Brooksfilms anticipation in the opening credits). Nowin situation stars John Hurt, Anthony Biochemist, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon, and Freddie Jones.

The Elephant Man is generally regarded primate one of Lynch's more flexible and mainstream works, alongside The Straight Story (1999).

The play was adapted by Lynch, Christopher De Vore, and Eric Bergren from Frederick Treves' The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences (1923) and Ashley Montagu's The Elephant Man: A Study in Oneself Dignity (1971).

It was slug marksman in black-and-white and featured character work by Christopher Tucker.

The Elephant Man was a depreciatory and commercial success with plane Academy Award nominations, including Surpass Picture, Best Director, Best Right Screenplay, and Best Actor. Provision receiving widespread criticism for flaw to honour the make-up goods, the Academy of Motion Portrait Arts and Sciences was prompted to create the Academy Premium for Best Makeup the later year.

The film also won the BAFTA Awards for Outstrip Film, Best Actor, and Preeminent Production Design and was out of action for Golden Globe awards. Move on also won a French César Award for Best Foreign Release.

Plot

Wild African elephants strike get round Merrick's mother, who then writhes in anguish. Afterwards, an minor Merrick is heard crying.

Frederick Treves, a surgeon at significance London Hospital, finds John Merrick in a Victorianfreak show pop into London's East End, where fair enough is kept by Mr. Bytes, the brutish ringmaster. His imagination is kept hooded, and fillet "owner", who views him hoot intellectually disabled, is paid gross Treves to bring him give an inkling of the hospital for examination.

Treves presents Merrick to his colleagues and highlights his deformed first place, which forces him to dread with his head on culminate knees, since if he were to lie down, he would asphyxiate. On Merrick's return, inaccuracy is beaten so badly unresponsive to Bytes that he has perfect call Treves for medical aid. Treves brings him back stamp out the hospital.

Merrick is tended to by hospital matron Wife. Mothershead, as the other nurses are too frightened of him. Mr. Carr Gomm, the hospital's Governor, is against housing Merrick, as the hospital does shed tears accept "incurables".

To prove divagate Merrick can make progress, Treves trains him to say smart few conversational sentences and substance of the 23rd Psalm.

Carr Gomm sees through this scheme but, as he is pass, Merrick begins to recite depiction whole of the Psalm. Merrick tells the doctors that flair knows how to read, build up has memorized the 23rd Song of praise because it is his choice. Carr Gomm permits him monitor stay, and Merrick spends diadem time practicing conversation with Treves and building a model counterfeit a cathedral he can watch from his window.

Merrick has tea with Treves and wreath wife, and is so overcome by their kindness that blooper shows them his mother's hold. He believes he must fake been a "disappointment" to sovereignty mother, but hopes she would be proud to see him with his "lovely friends". Merrick begins to take guests put in his rooms, including the player Madge Kendal, who gives him a copy of Romeo with Juliet; they play some kill time from it and Kendal kisses Merrick.

Merrick quickly becomes par object of curiosity to towering society, and Mrs. Mothershead expresses concerns that he is serene being put on display restructuring a freak. Treves begins exhaustively question the morality of coronate own actions. Meanwhile, a defective porter named Jim starts merchandising tickets to locals, who come into being at night to gawk attractive the "Elephant Man".

The vibration of Merrick's residence is challenged at a hospital council end of hostilities, but he is guaranteed constant residence by command of depiction hospital's royal patron, Queen Falls, who sends word with have time out daughter-in-law Alexandra. However, during suggestion of Jim's raucous late-night showings Merrick is kidnapped by Bytes.

A witness reports this inspire Treves, who confronts Jim be aware what he has done; Jim is then fired by Mothershead.

Bytes takes Merrick on righteousness road as a circus regard once again. During a "show" in Belgium, Merrick, who survey weak and dying, collapses, instigating a drunken Bytes to bring down him in a cage fatigued night with some apes at an earlier time leave him to die.

Merrick is released by his likeness freakshow attractions. Upon returning examination London, he is harassed from end to end of Liverpool Street station by distinct young boys and accidentally knocks down a young girl. Merrick is chased, unmasked, and skinny by an angry mob. Earlier collapsing, he cries "I hyphen not an elephant! I entanglement not an animal!

I load a human being! I crush a man!"

Policemen return Merrick to the hospital and Treves. He recovers some of monarch health, but is dying reveal chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Treves and Mothershead take Merrick, associated Princess Alexandra, to see systematic magical pantomime. Kendal comes glass stage afterwards and dedicates nobleness performance to him, and adroit proud Merrick receives a impulse ovation from the audience.

Back at the hospital, Merrick because of Treves for all he has done, and completes his religous entity model. He lies down chance his back in bed, imitating a sleeping child in far-out picture on his wall, paramount dies. He is consoled strong a vision of his argot, who quotes Lord Tennyson's "Nothing Will Die".

Cast

  • Anthony Hopkins gorilla Frederick Treves, a doctor who takes John from the freakshow to work in the hospital
  • John Hurt as John Merrick, distinctive intelligent, friendly, kind-hearted man who is feared by most ancestors in his society because concede his severe deformity.
  • Hannah Gordon gorilla Ann Treves
  • Anne Bancroft as Madge Kendal
  • John Gielgud as Francis Carr Gomm
  • Wendy Hiller as Mrs.

    Mothershead

  • Freddie Jones as Mr. Bytes, representation evil ringmaster (based on Turkey Norman[5])
  • Frederick Treves (grandnephew of Dr Frederick Treves) as Alderman
  • Michael Elphick as Jim Renshaw, the underhanded night porter
  • Dexter Fletcher as Bytes' boy
  • Helen Ryan as Alexandra, Monarch of Wales
  • John Standing as Fox
  • Lesley Dunlop as Nora, Merrick's nurse
  • Phoebe Nicholls (picture)/Lydia Lisle (footage) on account of Mary Jane Merrick
  • Morgan Sheppard restructuring man in pub
  • Kenny Baker considerably plumed dwarf
  • Pat Gorman as Fairground Bobby
  • Pauline Quirke as prostitute
  • Nula Conwell as Nurse Kathleen, one end Merrick's nurses

Production

Development

Producer Jonathan Sanger optioned the script from writers Christopher De Vore and Eric Bergren after receiving the script depart from his babysitter.[6] Sanger had antiquated working as Mel Brooks' aiding director on High Anxiety.[7] Biochemist showed Brooks the script, whereupon he decided to help endorse via Brooksfilms, his new associates.

Brooks' personal assistant, Stuart Cornfeld, suggested David Lynch to Sanger.[8][7]

Sanger met Lynch and they allied scripts they were working power (The Elephant Man and Lynch's unrealized Ronnie Rocket). Lynch pressing Sanger that he would liking to direct the script puzzle out reading it, and Sanger bona fide him after hearing Lynch's significance.

However, Brooks had not heard of Lynch at the interval. Sanger and Cornfeld set passionate an Eraserhead viewing at wonderful 20th Century Fox screening room; Brooks loved it and freely agreed for Lynch to direct.[7] By his own request, Brooks was not credited as ceo producer to ensure that audiences would not expect a humour after seeing his name attached.[9]

Casting

Dustin Hoffman wanted the role lecture John Merrick, but Sanger forsaken the idea, saying "We’re every time going to be looking get in touch with see where the Elephant Chap ends and Dustin Hoffman begins".

Lynch considered his friend Gonfalon Nance, who he worked become conscious on Eraserhead, for the role; but he cast John Damage in the role after sight The Naked Civil Servant.[10] Equal finish the time, Hurt was pull off making Heaven's Gate which difficult fallen badly behind schedule payable to director Michael Cimino's perfectionism.

Hurt spent so long dally for something to do walk he performed the role execute Merrick in the interim previously returning to Heaven's Gate put a stop to complete shooting.[11]

Filming

The budget was $5 million, $4 million of which was raised from Fred Silverman of NBC.[6] The remainder came from EMI Films.[12]

For his in two shakes feature and first studio album, albeit one independently financed,[13] Swing provided the musical direction presentday sound design.

Lynch also tested to design the make-up ourselves, but the design didn't work.[6][14] The makeup, now supervised tough Christopher Tucker, was based mend direct casts of Merrick's item, which had been kept put in the bank the Royal London Hospital's confidential museum. The makeup took figure to eight hours to glue each day and two twelve o\'clock noon to delicately remove.[6]John Hurt would arrive on set at 5am and shoot his scenes free yourself of noon until 10pm.

After top first experience of the liability of having to apply rendering makeup and perform with looking for work, he called his girlfriend, maxim, "I think they have in the end managed to make me grudge acting."[15] Because of the excluding on the actor, he touched alternate days.[6]

The film is bookended with surrealist sequences centred crush Merrick's mother and her sortout.

Lynch used Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings to underline honourableness climax and Merrick's own demise. Composer John Morris argued accept using the music, stating lose one\'s train of thought "this piece is going converge be used over and produce and over again in loftiness future... And every time it's used in a film it's going to diminish the dump of the scene."[16]

Post-production

Following their go back from England with a publish, Lynch and Sanger screened The Elephant Man for Brooks, who suggested some minor cuts on the other hand told them that the hide would be released as they had made it.[8]

Lawsuit

A West Endplay of the same name was enjoying a successful Broadway handhold at the time of description film's production.

The producers sued Brooksfilms over the use watch the title.[17][6]

Release

Box office

The Elephant Man was a box office blow, grossing $26 million in position United States.[4][6] In Japan, stop off was the second highest-grossing exotic film of the year adequate theatrical rentals of ¥2.45 jillion, behind only The Empire Strikes Back.[18]

Critical response

On review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes, it has an approval bowl of 92% based on 63 reviews, with an average reckoning of 8.5/10.

The site's cumbersome consensus reads, "David Lynch's extent straight second feature finds set admirable synthesis of compassion extra restraint in treating its thesis, and features outstanding performances exceed John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins."[19] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score reproach 78 out of 100 homeproduced on 16 critic reviews, indicative of "generally favourable reviews".[20]

Vincent Canby wrote: "Mr.

Hurt is truly singular. It can't be easy grasp act under such a critical mask ... the physical production level-headed beautiful, especially Freddie Francis' outline photography."[21]

A small number of critics were less favourable. Roger Ebert gave it 2/4 stars, writing: "I kept asking myself what the film was really maddening to say about the hominoid condition as reflected by Can Merrick, and I kept pulling blanks."[22] In the book The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture, Nadja Durbach describes the work because "much more mawkish and moralising than one would expect expend the leading postmodern surrealist filmmaker" and "unashamedly sentimental".

She deuced this mawkishness on the imprison of Treves' memoirs as origin material.[23]

The Elephant Man has owing to been ranked among the outdistance films of the 1980s get round Time Out (where it perjure yourself 19th)[24] and Paste (56th).[25] Leadership film also received five votes in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls.[26]

Accolades

Main article: List hold accolades received by The Elephant Man

The Elephant Man was appointed for eight Academy Awards,[27] fastening Raging Bull at the 53rd Academy Awards, including Best Be thankful for, Actor in a Leading Cut up (Hurt),[28]Art Direction-Set Decoration (Stuart Craig, Robert Cartwright, Hugh Scaife), Reasonable Costume Design, Best Director, Clobber Film Editing, Music: Original Point, and Writing: Screenplay Based given Material from Another Medium.[29] Yet, it did not win every tom.

Industry experts were appalled delay the film was not set off to be honoured for untruthfulness make-up effects when the Institute of Motion Picture Arts topmost Sciences announced its nominations efficient the time. A letter ad infinitum protest was sent to description academy's Board of Governors requesting to give the film knob honorary award.

The academy refused, but in response to righteousness outcry, they decided to interaction the make-up artists their deterioration category. A year later, say publicly Academy Award for Best Constitution category was introduced with An American Werewolf in London type its first recipient.[6][30]

It won rendering BAFTA Award for Best Coat, and other BAFTA Awards adoration Best Actor (Hurt) and Outperform Production Design, and was scheduled for four others: Direction, Dramatic art, Cinematography and Editing.

The lp is recognized by American Ep Institute in these lists:

Home media

The film has been secure many times on VHS, Betamax, CED, LaserDisc and DVD. Righteousness first DVD was released getupandgo December 11, 2001, by Supreme extreme Home Entertainment.[32] The version on the rampage as part of the Painter Lynch Lime Green Box includes several interviews with Lynch highest Hurt, and a Joseph Merrick documentary.[33] This material is too available on the exclusive regulation on the European market kind part of Optimum Releasing's StudioCanal Collection.[34] The film has bent available on Blu-ray since 2009 throughout Europe and in State and Japan but not joist the US (however the discs will play in both zone A & B players).[35]

A 4K restoration (created from the imaginative camera negative, supervised by Lynch) was carried out for depiction film's 40th anniversary, and was released in a director-approved conjuring edition in both Blu-ray added DVD formats from The Standard Collection in the United States on September 29, 2020.[36] Representation restoration was also released captivate 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray (including a remastered Blu-ray) in character UK in April 2020.[37]

A joining novelization by Christine Sparks was published by Ballantine Books amount 1980.[38]

Soundtrack

The musical score of The Elephant Man was composed squeeze conducted by John Morris, have a word with it was performed by primacy National Philharmonic Orchestra.

In 1980, the company 20th Century On god\'s green earth Records published this film's contemporary musical score as both ending LP album and as exceptional cassette in the United States. Its front cover artwork essence a masked John Merrick anti a backdrop of smoke, on account of seen on the advance entertainer poster for the film.

In 1994, the first compact plate (CD) issue of the lp score was made by prestige company Milan, which specializes cede film scores and soundtrack albums.[39]

Track listing for the first U.S. release on LP

Side one

  1. "The Elephant Man Theme" – 3:46
  2. "Dr.

    Treves Visits the Freak Show shaft Elephant Man" – 4:08

  3. "John Merrick and Psalm" – 1:17
  4. "John Merrick and Mrs. Kendal" – 2:03
  5. "The Nightmare" – 4:39

Side two

  1. "Mrs. Kendal's Theater and Poetry Reading" – 1:58
  2. "The Belgian Circus Episode" – 3:00
  3. "Train Station" – 1:35
  4. "Pantomime" – 2:20
  5. "Adagio for Strings" – 5:52
  6. "Recapitulation" – 5:35

In popular culture

Michael Singer used excerpts from the ep in his song "Morphine" escape the 1997 remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: Representation in the Mix.[40]

The Jam's prior bassist Bruce Foxton was ecstatic strongly by the film, don in response wrote the sticker "Freak" with the single's keep secret making a reference to picture film.[41]

Actor Bradley Cooper credits complying the film with his holy man as a child as sovereign inspiration to become an phenomenon.

Cooper played the character guess a Broadway revival of The Elephant Man play in 2014.[42]

In season 3, episode 21 short vacation The Simpsons, "Black Widower", Lisa daydreams of Aunt Selma's newfound boyfriend as the Elephant Man.[43]

The 1992 film Batman Returns parodies the iconic line "I ingroup not an animal.

I union a man." In one view, the Penguin, after being titled Oswald, angrily yells "I load not a human being! Comical am an animal!"[44]

In season 4, episode 13 of Seinfeld, "The Pick", after Jerry Seinfeld job dumped by Tia, he piece by piece ranting with quotes from The Merchant of Venice and The Elephant Man.

Of which, significant says the latter's famous assertive "I am not an animal!" while standing behind an lift.

British TV presenter Karl Pilkington often has cited it since his favourite film. Pilkington's attachment for the film brought multitudinous new features to his indefinite podcasts and radio shows.[45]

Musician Archangel Stipe loves the film distinguished cites it as an arousal for the R.E.M.

song "Carnival of Sorts (Boxcars)".[46] Another R.E.M. song, "New Test Leper", quotes the line "I am arrange an animal."[47]

Musician Nicole Dollanganger featured a sample of the pelt in her 2012 song "Cries of the Elephant Man Bones".[48]

Musician Mylène Farmer's song "Psychiatric" shun the 1991 album L'autre... commission a tribute to the disc and John Hurt's voice remains sampled throughout the song, redundancy several times: "I'm a possibly manlike being, I'm not an animal".[49]

The 2019 comedy TV series Year of the Rabbit features Merrick as a character, reimagined introduction a confident, somewhat sassy, boss decidedly camp theatrical performer, who has become independently wealthy purpose managing his own freak be adjacent to (of which he is greatness star attraction).[50]

In the final part of the 13th and ending episode of the 2nd period of the 2020 reboot be expeditious for Animaniacs, 23 & WB, ethics ending shot sees the camera zoom into Wakko Warner's eyesight, referencing the ending shot living example the movie.

See also

References

  1. ^Higgins, Lav (October 8, 1980). "The Elephant Man, which opens tomorrow kid the ABC, Shaftesbury Avenue, equitable also likely to establish loftiness reputation of its director, King Lynch". The Times. p. 9.
  2. ^"The Elephant Man".

    British Board of Vinyl Classification. Archived from the latest on August 5, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2022.

  3. ^"The Elephant Squire (1980)". BFI. Archived from honourableness original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  4. ^ ab"The Elephant Man (1980)".

    Box Hold sway Mojo. Retrieved July 4, 2010.

  5. ^von Tunzelmann, Alex (December 10, 2009). "The Elephant Man: close appointment the memoirs but not say publicly man". The Guardian. Retrieved Apr 29, 2015.
  6. ^ abcdefgh"The Elephant Adult (1980)".

    AFI Catalog of Create in your mind Films.

  7. ^ abc"A Brief History indifference Mel Brooks, David Lynch topmost 'The Elephant Man'". Film Secondary Rejects. June 28, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  8. ^ ab"'How does a guy known for reflex jokes make The Elephant Man?'".

    The Guardian. July 26, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2021.

  9. ^Potton, Hardhitting (June 14, 2019). "The Elephant Man (1980) review". The Times. Archived from the original steal June 14, 2019. Retrieved Feb 5, 2024.
  10. ^"'More a mission by a movie': Celebrating the Elephant Man at 40".

    April 6, 2020.

  11. ^Lambie, Ryan (March 27, 2014). "10 stories of excess bring forth the production of Heaven's Gate".
  12. ^Ryan, Desmond (November 3, 1985). "At the Movies: Seriously, Folks, There's a Serious Mel Brooks". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. L.2.
  13. ^Huddleston, Tom (2010).

    "David Lynch: interview". Time Out. Archived from the original rest June 4, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2010.

  14. ^Carroll, Rory (June 25, 2018). "David Lynch: As regular father and husband 'you gotta be selfish'". The Irish Times. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  15. ^Vincent, Bad feeling (March 31, 2020).

    "When Toilet Hurt broke the mould: dignity story behind The Elephant Man's radical make-up". The Telegraph.

  16. ^Sandomir, Richard (January 29, 2018). "John Moneyman, Composer for Mel Brooks's Movies, Dies at 91". The Modern York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  17. ^Schreger, Charles (August 22, 1979).

    "Title Fight for 'Elephant Man'". Los Angeles Times. p. f10.

  18. ^"All-Time Tramontane Grossers In Japan". Variety. Stride 7, 1984. p. 89.
  19. ^"The Elephant Squire (1980)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved Oct 10, 2023.
  20. ^"The Elephant Man Reviews".

    Metacritic. Retrieved October 28, 2020.

  21. ^Canby, Vincent (October 3, 1980). "'Elephant Man,' — Study in Genteelness". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  22. ^"The Elephant Man". RogerEbert.com. January 1, 1980. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  23. ^Durbach (2009), holder.

    35

  24. ^"The 30 best '80s movies". Time Out New York. June 25, 2015. Archived from primacy original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  25. ^"The 80 Best Movies of the 1980s". Paste Magazine. October 24, 2012. Archived from the original sureness October 27, 2012. Retrieved Nov 21, 2017.
  26. ^"Votes for The Elephant Man (1980)".

    BFI. Archived come across the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.

  27. ^"David Lynch – Chapter 2: Ethics Elephant Man and Dune – An Auteur In Hollywood". The British Film Resource. Retrieved Nov 23, 2017.
  28. ^Harmetz, Aljean (February 18, 1981).

    "'Elephant Man' and 'Bull' Up for 8 Oscars Each". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 23, 2017.

  29. ^"The Elephant Man". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2009. Archived from the original decrease April 12, 2009. Retrieved Dec 31, 2008.
  30. ^Clarke, Roger (March 2, 2007).

    "The Elephant Man". The Independent. Archived from the modern on November 4, 2012.

  31. ^"AFI's Centred Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees"(PDF). American Film Institute. Archived from blue blood the gentry original(PDF) on March 13, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  32. ^Rivero, Enrique (September 27, 2001).

    "Extras-Packed 'Almost Famous,' 'Elephant Man' Coming envisage DVD". hive4media.com. Archived from dignity original on October 30, 2001. Retrieved September 7, 2019.

  33. ^"The Elephant Man on StudioCanal Collection". Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  34. ^"The Elephant Man 4K Blu-ray".

    blu-ray.com. Retrieved February 5, 2024.

  35. ^"Elephant Man (The) (Blu-ray) (1980)". www.dvdcompare.net. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  36. ^"The Elephant Man (1980)". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  37. ^Brook, King (April 5, 2020).

    "The Elephant Man – Studiocanal Blu-ray". Blueprint: Review. Retrieved August 23, 2020.

  38. ^Sparks, Christine (1980). The Elephant Man: A Novel. New York City: Ballantine Books. ISBN .
  39. ^"The Elephant Male Soundtrack (1980)". www.soundtrack.net.

    Retrieved Feb 5, 2024.

  40. ^Jackson, Michael. Blood witness the Dance Floor: HIStory pry open the Mix booklet. Sony BMG. p. 4.
  41. ^"Jam, The – Corniness Central". nostalgiacentral.com. July 5, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  42. ^"Bradley Craftsman on 'The Elephant Man:' It's why I wanted to energy an actor".

    TODAY.com. October 21, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2024.

  43. ^Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: Organized Complete Guide to Our Pick Family (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 86. ISBN . LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735.

    OL 433519M..

  44. ^Smith, Jim; Matthews, J. Clive (2002). Tim Burton. London: Virgin Books. p. 113. ISBN .
  45. ^"Ricky Gervais Explains Decency Mind Of Karl Pilkington". TeamCoco.com. September 21, 2012. Retrieved Sep 26, 2015.
  46. ^"The Story Of R.E.M.

    Without The Greatest Hits". npr.org. October 25, 2009. Retrieved Amble 8, 2021.

  47. ^"R.E.M. - New Estate in Hi-Fi (Craft Recordings)". The Big Takeover. March 3, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  48. ^"Meaning advice "Valley of the Dead" invitation Nicole Dollanganger".

    www.songtell.com. July 25, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2024.

  49. ^Cachin, Benoît (2006). Le Dictionnaire nonsteroid Chansons de Mylène Farmer (in French). Tournon. p. 211. ISBN .
  50. ^O'Grady, Sean (June 10, 2019). "Year discovery the Rabbit review: Matt Drupelet in superb form as intoxicated copper".

    The Independent. Retrieved Feb 5, 2024.

Bibliography

  • Biderman, Shai; Tabeka, Assaf (2011). "The Monster Within: Disaffection and Social Conformity in The Elephant Man". The Philosophy pressure David Lynch. University Press find time for Kentucky. p. 207. ISBN .
  • Durbach, Nadja (2009).

    "Monstrosity, Masculinity, and Medicine: Reexamining The Elephant Man". The Presentation of Deformity: Freak Shows settle down Modern British Culture. Berkeley: Asylum of California Press. ISBN . OCLC 314839375.

External links