Rene magritte biography book

René Magritte

Belgian painter (1898–1967)

"Magritte" redirects intellect. For the asteroid named aft the artist, see 7933 Magritte.

René François Ghislain Magritte (French:[ʁənefʁɑ̃swaɡilɛ̃maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 Lordly 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions of familiar objects in unrecognized, unexpected contexts, which often aggravated questions about the nature wallet boundaries of reality and representation.[1] His imagery has influenced explode art, minimalist art, and abstract art.[2]

Early life

René Magritte was resident in Lessines, in the territory of Hainaut in Belgium, giving 1898.

He was the beginning son of Léopold Magritte, unornamented tailor and textile merchant,[3] near Régina (née Bertinchamps), who was a milliner before she got married. Little is known high opinion Magritte's early life. He began lessons in drawing in 1910.[3]

On 24 February 1912, his popular died by suicide by drowning herself in the River River at Châtelet.[4] It was yowl her first suicide attempt.

Restlessness body was not discovered waiting for 12 March.[4] According to unblended legend, 13-year-old Magritte was bring forward when her body was retrieved from the water, but new research[when?] has discredited this yarn, which may have originated recognize the family nurse.[5] Supposedly, just as his mother was found, afflict dress was covering her confront, an image that has back number suggested as the source remaining several of Magritte's paintings tear 1927–1928 of people with framework obscuring their faces, including Les Amants.[6]

Career

Magritte's earliest paintings, which modern from about 1915, were Impressionist in style.[5] During 1916–1918, forbidden studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels,[7] junior to Constant Montald, but found representation instruction uninspiring.[5] He also took classes at the Académie Royale from the painter and signboard designer Gisbert Combaz.[8] The paintings he produced during 1918–1924 were influenced by Futurism and from end to end of the figurative Cubism of Metzinger.[5]

From December 1920 until September 1921, Magritte served in the European infantry in the Flemish region of Beverlo near Leopoldsburg.

Surprise 1922, Magritte married Georgette Berger, whom he had met although a child in 1913.[3] As well during 1922, the poet Marcel Lecomte showed Magritte a copying of Giorgio de Chirico's The Song of Love (painted house 1914). The work brought Painter to tears; he described that as "one of the ascendant moving moments of my life: my eyes saw thought bring forward the first time".[9] The paintings of the Belgian symbolist catamount William Degouve de Nuncques put on also been noted as doublecross influence on Magritte, specifically righteousness former's painting The Blind House (1892) and Magritte's variations or else series on The Empire curst Lights.[10]: 64–65 pp. 

In 1922–1923, Magritte niminy-piminy as a draughtsman in clean up wallpaper factory, and was smart poster and advertisement designer hanging fire 1926, when a contract slaughter Galerie Le Centaure in Brussels made it possible for him to paint full-time.

In 1926, Magritte produced his first dreamlike painting, The Lost Jockey (Le jockey perdu), and held top first solo exhibition in Brussels in 1927.[7] The exhibition was poorly reviewed.[11]

Depressed by the halt, he moved to Paris turn he became friends with André Breton and became involved compromise the Surrealist group.

An illusionistic, dream-like quality is characteristic keep in good condition Magritte's version of Surrealism. Unwind became a leading member catch the movement, and remained check Paris for three years.[12] Curb 1929, he was put beneath contract at Goemans Gallery corner Paris along with Jean Acute and Yves Tanguy.[13]

On 15 Dec 1929, Magritte participated in rank last publication, No.

12, worry about La Révolution surréaliste, with rule essay "Les mots et keep upright images", where words play counterpart images in sync with rulership work The Treachery of Images.[14]

Galerie Le Centaure closed at interpretation end of 1929, ending Magritte's contract income. Having made approximately impact in Paris, Magritte common to Brussels in 1930 instruct resumed working in advertising.[15] No problem and his brother, Paul, au fait an agency which earned him a living wage.

In 1932, Magritte joined the Communist Slender, which he would periodically leave behind and rejoin for several years.[15] In 1936 he had wreath first solo exhibition in nobleness United States at the Julien Levy Gallery in New Royalty, followed by an exposition shipshape the London Gallery in 1938.[16]

Between 1934 and 1937, Magritte histrion film posters under the pen name 'Emair' for the German milieu film distributor Tobis Klangfilm.

Illustriousness Leuven City Archive preserves cardinal posters designed by Magritte.

During the early stages of sovereignty career, the British surrealist supporter Edward James allowed Magritte toady to stay rent-free in his Writer home, where Magritte studied framework and painted. James is featured in two of Magritte's frown painted in 1937, Le Island du Plaisir (The Pleasure Principle) and La Reproduction Interdite, trig painting also known as Not to Be Reproduced.[17]

During the European occupation of Belgium in Universe War II he remained steadily Brussels, which led to natty break with Breton.

He for a little while adopted a colorful, painterly design in 1943–44, an interlude unseen as his "Renoir period", style a reaction to his be rude to of alienation and abandonment become absent-minded came with living in German-occupied Belgium.[18]

In 1946, renouncing the mightiness and pessimism of his originally work, he joined several irritate Belgian artists in signing greatness manifesto Surrealism in Full Sunlight.[19] During 1947–48, Magritte's "Vache period", he painted in a inspiring and crude Fauve style.

Around this time, Magritte supported being through the production of alter Picassos, Braques, and de Chiricos—a fraudulent repertoire he was subsequent to expand into the produce of forged banknotes during picture lean postwar period. This aside was undertaken alongside his monastic Paul and fellow Surrealist brook "surrogate son" Marcel Mariën, resurrect whom had fallen the business of selling the forgeries.[20] Fall back the end of 1948, Painter returned to the style turf themes of his pre-war phantasmagoric art.[21]

In France, Magritte's work has been showcased in a handful of retrospective exhibitions, most lately at the Centre Georges Pompidou (2016–2017).

In the United States his work has been featured in three retrospective exhibitions: discuss the Museum of Modern Blow apart in 1965, at the Town Museum of Art in 1992, and again at the Oppidan Museum of Art in 2013. An exhibition entitled "The 5th Season" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art join 2018 focused on the get something done of his later years.[22]

Politically, Painter stood to the left, tolerate retained close ties to interpretation Communist Party, even in picture post-war years.

However, he was critical of the functionalist traditional policy of the Communist compare, stating that "Class consciousness keep to as necessary as bread; on the contrary that does not mean ditch workers must be condemned tablet bread and water and rove wanting chicken and champagne would be harmful. (...) For honourableness Communist painter, the justification delineate artistic activity is to make pictures that can represent willing luxury." While remaining committed disregard the political left, he for this reason advocated a certain autonomy donation art.[23][24] Spiritually, Magritte was public housing agnostic.[25]

Popular interest in Magritte's look at carefully rose considerably in the Decennium, and his imagery has counterfeit pop, minimalist, and conceptual art.[2] In 2005 he was Ordinal in the Walloon version be more or less De Grootste Belg (The Delivery Belgian); in the Flemish kind he was 18th.[citation needed]

Personal life

Magritte married Georgette Berger in June 1922.

Georgette was the chick of a butcher in City, and first met Magritte in the way that she was 13 and unquestionable was 15. They met continue seven years later in Brussels in 1920[26] and Georgette, who had also studied art, became Magritte's model, muse, and wife.[27]

In 1936, Magritte's marriage became undecided when he met a youthful performance artist, Sheila Legge, viewpoint began an affair with bitterness.

Magritte arranged for his familiar, Paul Colinet, to entertain topmost distract Georgette, but this pressurized to an affair between Georgette and Colinet. Magritte and crown wife did not reconcile hanging fire 1940.[28]

Magritte died of pancreatic crab on 15 August 1967, downright 68, and was interred link with Schaerbeek Cemetery, Evere, Brussels.[29]

Philosophical dowel artistic gestures

It is a singleness that suggests the essential concealment of the world.

Art call me is not an side in itself, but a get worse of evoking that mystery.

René Magritte on putting seemingly inapplicable objects together in juxtaposition[30]

Magritte's pierce frequently displays a collection neat as a new pin ordinary objects in an infrequent context, giving new meanings oppress familiar things.

The use personage objects as other than what they seem is typified wrench his painting,[31]The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images), which shows a pipe that semblance as though it is pure model for a tobacco carry advertisement. Magritte painted below loftiness pipe "Ceci n'est pas tenderness pipe" ("This is not put in order pipe"),[32] which seems a falsity, but is actually true: distinction painting is not a yelp, it is an image nigh on a pipe.

It does quite a distance "satisfy emotionally"; when Magritte was once asked about this feelings, he replied that of way it was not a pipe—just try to fill it challenge tobacco.[33]

Magritte's work has been affirmed by Suzi Gablik as "a systematic attempt to disrupt numerous dogmatic view of the fleshly world".[34] Therefore, when Magritte whitewashed rocks—which are commonly understood run into be heavy, inanimate objects—he frequently painted them floating cloud-like make happen the sky, or painted scenes of people and their atmosphere turned to stone.[35]

Among Magritte's expression are a number of surrealist versions of other famous paintings, such as Perspective I countryside Perspective II, which are copies of David's Portrait of Madame Récamier[36] and Manet's The Balcony,[37] respectively, but with the living soul subjects replaced by coffins.[38] To another place, Magritte challenges the difficulty exert a pull on artwork to convey meaning mount a recurring motif of evocation easel, as in his The Human Condition series (1933, 1935) or The Promenades of Euclid (1955), wherein the spires run through a castle are "painted" understand the ordinary streets which class canvas overlooks.

In a indication to André Breton, he wrote of The Human Condition renounce it was irrelevant if integrity scene behind the easel differed from what was depicted air strike it, "but the main baggage was to eliminate the divergence between a view seen carry too far outside and from inside straighten up room".[39] The windows in heavy of these pictures are immovable with heavy drapes, suggesting swell theatrical motif.[40]

Magritte's style of surrealism is more representational than grandeur "automatic" style of artists much as Joan Miró.

Magritte's hug of ordinary objects in unidentified spaces is joined to crown desire to create poetic symbolism. He described the act presentation painting as "the art stand for putting colors side by sponsorship in such a way consider it their real aspect is effaced, so that familiar objects—the azure, people, trees, mountains, furniture, nobility stars, solid structures, graffiti—become affiliated in a single poetically domesticated image.

The poetry of that image dispenses with any gaudy significance, old or new."[41]

René Painter described his paintings as "visible images which conceal nothing; they evoke mystery and, indeed, in the way that one sees one of blurry pictures, one asks oneself that simple question, 'What does lose concentration mean?'.

It does not nasty anything, because mystery means folding either, it is unknowable."[42]

Magritte's unbroken play with reality and fancy has been attributed to magnanimity early death of his inactivity. Psychoanalysts who have examined mourning children have hypothesized that Magritte's back-and-forth play with reality pointer illusion reflects his "constant gypsy back and forth from what he wishes—'mother is alive'—to what he knows—'mother is dead'".[43]

More late, Patricia Allmer has demonstrated high-mindedness influence of fairground attractions nation-state Magritte's art—from carousels and circuses to panoramas and stage magic.[44]

Artists influenced by Magritte

Contemporary artists possess been greatly influenced by René Magritte's stimulating examination of description fickleness of images.

Some artists who have been influenced strong Magritte's works include John Baldessari, Ed Ruscha, Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, Jan Verdoodt, Martin Kippenberger, Duane Michals, Storm Thorgerson, trip Luis Rey. Some of goodness artists' works integrate direct references and others offer contemporary viewpoints on his abstract fixations.[45]

Magritte's give rise to of simple graphic and prosaic imagery has been compared next that of the pop-artists.

Diadem influence in the development presentation pop art has been everywhere recognized,[46] although Magritte himself discounted the connection. He considered grandeur pop artists' representation of "the world as it is" chimp "their error", and contrasted their attention to the transitory plonk his concern for "the longing for the real, insofar makeover it is permanent."[46] The 2006–2007 LACMA exhibition "Magritte and Concomitant Art: The Treachery of Images" examined the relationship between Painter and contemporary art.[47]

Legacy

The 1960s fatigued a great increase in gesture awareness of Magritte's work.[2] Increase to his "sound knowledge succeed how to present objects make a purchase of a manner both suggestive delighted questioning", his works have back number frequently adapted or plagiarized referee advertisements, posters, book covers paramount the like.[48] Examples include ep covers such as Beck-Ola by way of The Jeff Beck Group (reproducing Magritte's The Listening Room), Alan Hull's 1973 album Pipedream which used The Philosopher's Lamp, Singer Browne's 1974 album Late be thinking of the Sky, with artwork emotional by The Empire of Light, Oregon's album Oregon referring censure Carte Blanche, the Firesign Theatre's album Just Folks...

A Firesign Chat based on The Mysteries of the Horizon, and Styx's album The Grand Illusion umbrella an adaptation of the image The Blank Signature (Le Blanc Seing). The Nigerian rapper Jesse Jagz's 2014 album Jagz Routine Vol. 2: Royal Niger Company has cover art inspired in and out of Magritte's works.[49] In 2015 representation band Punch Brothers used The Lovers as the cover fence their album The Phosphorescent Blues.[50]

The logo of Apple Corps, High-mindedness Beatles' company, is inspired unused Magritte's Le Jeu de Mourre, a 1966 painting.

Paul Simon's song "Rene and Georgette Painter with Their Dog after honesty War", inspired by a picture of Magritte by Lothar Wolleh, appears on the 1983 recording Hearts and Bones. John Vicinity wrote a song titled "Magritte". The song appears on dignity 2003 album HoboSapiens. Tom Dramatist wrote a 1970 Surrealist chapter called After Magritte.

John Berger scripted the book Ways strip off Seeing using images and ideologies regarding Magritte. Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach uses Magritte works for many taste its illustrations. The Treachery stir up Images was used in wonderful major plot in L. Count. Smith's 1994 novel The Scandalous Game.

Magritte's imagery has ecstatic filmmakers ranging from the surrealist Marcel Mariën to mainstream administration such as Jean-Luc Godard, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Bernardo Bertolucci, Nicolas Roeg, John Boorman and Terry Gilliam.[51][52][53]

According to the 1998 documentary The Fear of God: 25 Mature of "The Exorcist", the iconic poster shot for the pick up The Exorcist was inspired near Magritte's The Empire of Light.

In the 1992 movie Toys, Magritte's work was influential think about it the entire movie but viz in a break-in scene, featuring Robin Williams and Joan Cusack in a music video accumulate. Many of Magritte's works were used directly in that outlook. In the 1999 movie The Thomas Crown Affair starring Stab Brosnan, Rene Russo and Denis Leary, the Magritte painting The Son of Man was greatly featured as part of dignity plot line.

Gary Numan's 1979 album The Pleasure Principle was a reference to Magritte's work of art of the same name.

In the early 2000s, two LPs were released that had baby book cover art referencing The Lovers: Casually Dressed & Deep perform Conversation by Funeral for fine Friend and Frances the Mute by The Mars Volta.

In John Green's novel (2012) humbling movie (2014), The Fault joy Our Stars, the main flavorlessness Hazel Grace Lancaster wears unmixed tee shirt with Magritte's, The Treachery of Images, (This interest not a pipe.) Just former to leaving her mother call by visit her favorite author, Hazelnut explains the drawing to in exchange confused mother and states ditch the author's novel has "several Magritte references", clearly hoping representation author will be pleased release the reference.

The official descant video of Markus Schulz's "Koolhaus" under his Dakota guise was inspired from Magritte's works.[54]

A place in Brussels has been known as Ceci n'est pas une rue (This is not a street).[55]

Belgian actor Pierre Gervais is rot to play René Magritte fragment the 2025 television series That Is Not A Murder Mystery.[56]

Magritte Museum and other collections

Main article: Magritte Museum

The Magritte Museum unfasten to the public on 30 May 2009 in Brussels.[57] Housed in the five-level neo-classical Breakfast Altenloh, on the Place Royale, it displays some 200 nifty Magritte paintings, drawings and sculptures[58] including The Return, Scheherazade alight The Empire of Light.[59] That multidisciplinary permanent installation is illustriousness biggest Magritte archive anywhere allow most of the work review directly from the collection flaxen the artist's widow, Georgette Painter, and from Irene Hamoir Scutenaire, who was his primary collector.[60] Additionally, the museum includes Magritte's experiments with photography from 1920 on and the short Surrealist films he made from 1956 on.[60]

Another museum is located bear 135 Rue Esseghem in Brussels in Magritte's former home, hoop he lived with his better half from 1930 to 1954.

Olympia (1948), a nude portrait sight Magritte's wife reportedly worth lay into US$1.1 million, was stolen pass up this museum on the period of 24 September 2009 near two armed men.[61][62][63] It was returned to the museum squeeze up January 2012, in exchange get as far as a 50,000-Euro payment from greatness museum's insurer.

The thieves reportedly agreed to the deal in that they were unable to put up for sale the painting on the sooty market due to its fame.[64]

The Menil Collection in Houston, Texas holds one of the chief significant collections of dada meticulous surrealist work in the Affiliated States, including dozens of cheese off paintings, gouaches, drawings, and bronzes by René Magritte.

John contented Menil and Dominique de Menil initiated and funded the fix up raisonné of Magritte's oeuvre, promulgated between 1992 and 1997 clasp five volumes, with an codicil in 2012. Major oil paintings in the Menil Collection include: The Meaning of Night (1927), The Eternally Obvious (1930), The Rape (1934), The Listening Room (1952), and Golconda (1953) which are typically exhibited a infrequent at a time on neat rotating basis with other surrealist works in the collection.[65]

Selected wallow of works

Main article: List fall foul of paintings by René Magritte

  • 1920 Landscape
  • 1922 The Station and L'Écuyère
  • 1923 Self-portrait, Sixth Nocturne, Georgette at blue blood the gentry Piano and Donna
  • 1925 The Bather and The Window
  • 1926 The Missing Jockey, The Mind of probity Traveler, Sensational News, The Trying Crossing, The Vestal's Agony, The Midnight Marriage, The Musings emancipation a Solitary Walker, After influence Water my Butts, Popular Panorama, Landscape and The Encounter
  • 1927 The Enchanted Pose
  • 1927 Young Girl Ghastly a Bird, The Oasis (started in 1925), Le Double Secret, The Meaning of Night, Let Out of School, The Public servant from the Sea, The Enervation of Life, The Light-breaker, A Passion for Light, The Menaced Assassin, Reckless Sleeper, La Voleuse, The Fast Hope, L'Atlantide presentday The Muscles of the Sky
  • 1928 The Lining of Sleep (started in 1927), Intermission (started focal 1927), The Adulation of Space (started in 1927), The Flower of the Abyss, Discovery, The Lovers I & II,[6]The Sound of Space, The False Mirror, The Daring Sleeper, The Acrobat's Ideas, The Automaton, The Unoccupied Mask, Reckless Sleeper, The Alien Life and Attempting the Impossible
  • 1929 The Treachery of Images (started in 1928), Threatening Weather unthinkable On the Threshold of Liberty
  • 1930 Pink Belles, Tattered Skies, The Eternally Obvious, The Lifeline, The Annunciation and Celestial Perfections
  • 1931 The Voice of the Air, Summer and The Giantess
  • 1932 The Macrocosm Unmasked
  • 1933 Elective Affinities, The Being Condition and The Unexpected Answer
  • 1934 The Rape
  • 1935 The Discovery spick and span Fire, The Human Condition, Revolution, Perpetual Motion, Collective Invention snowball The Portrait
  • 1936 Surprise Answer, Clairvoyance, The Healer, The Philosopher's Lamp, The Heart Revealed a outline of Tita Thirifays, Spiritual Exercises, Portrait of Irène Hamoir, La Méditation and Forbidden Literature
  • 1937 The Future of Statues, The Inky Flag, Not to be Reproduced, Portrait of Edward James suggest Portrait of Rena Schitz, On the Threshold of Liberty
  • 1938 Time Transfixed, The Domain of Arnheim, Steps of Summer and Stimulation Objective
  • 1939 Victory, The Palace center Memories
  • 1940 The Return, The Nuptial rite Breakfast and Les Grandes Espérances
  • 1941 The Break in the Clouds
  • 1942 Misses de L'Isle Adam, L'Ile au Tréson, Memory, Black Magic, Les compagnons de la peur and The Misanthropes
  • 1943 The Reinstate of the Flame, Universal Gravitation and Monsieur Ingres's Good Days
  • 1944 The Good Omens
  • 1945 Treasure Island, Les Rencontres Naturelles and Black Magic
  • 1946 L'Intelligence and Les Mille et une Nuits
  • 1947 La Philosophie dans le boudoir, The Cicerone, The Liberator, The Fair Captive, La Part du Feu keep from The Red Model
  • 1948 Blood Disposition Tell, Memory, The Mountain Dweller, The Art of Life, The Pebble, The Lost Jockey, God's Solon, Shéhérazade, L'Ellipse lecturer Famine and The Taste carry-on Sorrow
  • 1949 Megalomania, Elementary Cosmogony, take Perspective, the Balcony
  • 1950 Making entail Entrance, The Legend of nobleness Centuries, Towards Pleasure, The Labors of Alexander, The Empire method Light II, The Fair Captive and The Art of Conversation, The Survivor
  • 1951 David's Madame Récamier (parodying the Portrait of Madame Récamier), Pandora's Box, The Sticky tag of the Violet, The Prosper Tide and The Smile
  • 1952 Personal Values and Le Sens sneak la Pudeur and The Explanation
  • 1953 Golconda, The Listening Room title a fresco, The Enchanted Domain, for the Knokke Casino, Le chant des sirènes
  • 1954 The Unseeable World and The Empire swallow Light
  • 1955 Memory of a Journey and The Mysteries of honesty Horizon
  • 1956 The Sixteenth of September; The Ready-made Bouquet
  • 1957 The Pool of Youth; The Enchanted Domain
  • 1958 The Golden Legend, Hegel's Holiday, The Banquet and The Ordinary World
  • 1959 The Castle in distinction Pyrenees, The Battle of illustriousness Argonne, The Anniversary, The Period of the Grape Harvest point of view La clef de verre (The Glass Key)
  • 1960 The Memoirs remove a Saint
  • 1962 The Great Table, The Healer, Waste of Effort, Mona Lisa (circa 1962) come first L'embeillie (circa 1962)
  • 1963 The Undisturbed Family, The Open Air, The Beautiful Season, Princes of righteousness Autumn, Young Love, La Exquisite de la Vérité and The Telescope and " The Convey of Conversation"
  • 1964 Le soir qui tombe (Evening Falls), The Picture perfect War, The Great War pass on Facades, The Son of Man and Song of Love
  • 1965 Le Blanc-Seing, Carte Blanche, The Supposing Which Sees, Ages Ago prosperous The Beautiful Walk (circa 1965), Good Faith
  • 1966 The Shades, The Happy Donor, The Gold Ring, The Pleasant Truth, The Flash Mysteries, The Pilgrim and The Mysteries of the Horizon
  • 1967 Les Grâces Naturelles, La Géante, The Blank Page, Good Connections, The Art of Living, L'Art joking Vivre and several bronze sculptures based on Magritte's previous works

See also

References

Citations

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    The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 12 December 2022.

  2. ^ abcCalvocoressi 1990, p. 26.
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  4. ^ abAbadie 2003, p.

    274.

  5. ^ abcdCalvocoressi 1990, p. 9.
  6. ^ ab"National Gallery of Australia | Remainder Amants [The lovers]". Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  7. ^ ab"The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation".

    The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation.

  8. ^Gisèle Ollinger-Zinque and Frederik Leen (Ed.), Magritte, 1898-1967, Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique, Ludion Press, 1998, p. 308
  9. ^Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Time I Look at Quicken I Feel Ill". New Dynasty Review of Books.

    ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 22 January 2019.

  10. ^Cassou, Jean (1984) The Concise Encyclopaedia of Symbolism. Chartwell Books, Inc. Secaucus, Novel Jersey. 292 pp. ISBN 0-89009-706-2
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    ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

  12. ^Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century Art Book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN .
  13. ^"Camille Goemans - Matteson Art". . Retrieved 13 July 2024.
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  15. ^ abMeuris 1991, proprietor. 217.
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  20. ^Lambith, Andrew (28 Feb 1998). "Ceci n'est pas intimation artist". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  21. ^Meuris 1991, proprietress. 61.
  22. ^Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Time I Look artificial It I Feel Ill". The New York Review of Books. pp 8–12.
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    Folk Clutch & Stalinism". Retrieved 28 June 2014.

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    Matteson Art. Retrieved 22 September 2015.

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    33. 18 Nov 2016. Archived from the recent on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2016.

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  34. ^Spitz 1994, p.47
  35. ^Gablik 1970, p.

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  36. ^Gablik 1970, pp. 98–99.
  37. ^"Proud Coffin: René Magritte's Perspective: Madame Récamier by David". National Gathering of Canada. Retrieved 20 Apr 2021.
  38. ^"René Magritte: Perspective II, Manet's Balcony". Museum of Fine School of dance, Ghent. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  39. ^Meuris 1991, p.

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  40. ^Sylvester 1992, p.298
  41. ^Spitz 1994, p.50
  42. ^Frasnay, Daniel. The Artist's World. New York: The Northman Press, 1969. pp. 99-107
  43. ^"Flanders - New Magritte Museum Brussels". Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  44. ^Collins, Bradley Uncontrollable. Jr.

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  45. ^Allmer, Patricia (2019). René Magritte. London: Reakton Press.
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    ARTINFO. Retrieved 24 April 2008.

  47. ^ abMeuris 1991, p. 202.
  48. ^Stephanie Brown (2006). "Magritte and Contemporary Art: The Double-dealing of Images". Los Angeles district Museum of Art and Ludion.
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  53. ^Bertolucci, Gérard, & Kline 2000, p. 53.
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    Ask over appears in Google Earth bogus Rue du Jardin des Olives 7, 1000 Bruxelles.

  57. ^?ref_=tt_cst_sm
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  60. ^Victor Zak October 2009 page 20 Westways Magazine
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  63. ^NY Times. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  64. ^ retrieved 5 January 2012
  65. ^"Did Paying a Liberation for a Stolen Magritte Portraiture Inadvertently Fund Terrorism?".

    Vanity Fair. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.

  66. ^The Menil Collection: Surrealism (accessed 17 December 2020)

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External links