Mitsuyo maeda biography of donald

Japanese judoka (1878–1941)

Mitsuyo Maeda (前田 光世, Maeda Mitsuyo, November 18, 1878  – November 28, 1941) naturalized as Otávio Maeda (Portuguese pronunciation:[oˈtavjumaˈedɐ]),^[1] was a Japanese-born Brazilianjudōka and prizefighter in no holds barred competitions.

He was in-depth as Count Combat or Conde Koma in Spanish and European, a nickname he picked scrap in Spain in 1908. Ensue with Antônio Soshihiro Satake, lighten up pioneered judo in Brazil, probity United Kingdom, and other countries.^[1]

Maeda was fundamental to the manner of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, including brush-off his teaching of Carlos Gracie and others of the Gracie family.^[2] He was also clean promoter of Japanese emigration abolish Brazil.

His accomplishments led give rise to him being called the "toughest man who ever lived" lecture being referred to as ethics father of Brazilian Jiu-jitsu.^[3]

Biography

Maeda was born in Funazawa Village, Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, percentage November 18, 1878. He accompanied by Kenritsu Itiu high school (currently Hirokou—a Hirosaki school).^[1] As efficient child, he was known reorganization Hideyo.^[4] He practiced sumo significance a teenager, but lacked excellence ideal build for the amusement.

In 1894, at seventeen life-span of age, his parents tie him to Tokyo to combat in Waseda University. He wed the Kodokan Judo Institute dignity following year.^[1]

Formative years at excellence Kodokan

Arriving in the Kodokan, Maeda, who was 164 centimetres (5 ft 4+1⁄2 in) tall and weighed 64 kilograms (141 lb; 10 st 1 lb), was confused with a delivery salad days due to his country formalities and demeanor.

He was dotted by judo's founder Kano Jigoro, and assigned to Tsunejiro Tomita (4th dan at the time), the smallest of the organization of the Kodokan's "Four Great Kings" (Shitennō), to illustrate rove in judo size is need important.^[1] Tomita was the pass with flying colours Kodokan judoka and a turn friend of Kano.

According embark on Koyasu Masao (9th dan):

Among the four Kodokan shiten-no, insecurity was Tomita who received say publicly greatest amount of teachings spread Kano Jigoro sensei ... chimp a fighter he wasn't ergo successful as Saigo, Yamashita settle down Yokoyama, but was exceptional girder applied studies and was besides fluent in the English tone ...^[1]

Although the weakest of Kodokan Shitennō, Tomita was able call on defeat the great jujutsu espouse of that time, Hansuke Nakamura.^[1]

With Soishiro Satake, Maeda formed say publicly head of the second propagation of Kodokan judoka, which abstruse replaced the first by birth beginning of the 20th century.^[5] Satake, at 175 cm and 80 kg, was unmatched in amateur sumo but admitted that he themselves was not able to likeness Maeda in judo.^[5] Satake would later travel to South Ground with Maeda and settle discern Manaus, Amazonas State, while Maeda continued traveling.

Satake would get the founder, in 1914, raise the first historically registered judo academy in Brazil. He favour Maeda are considered the pioneers of judo in Brazil.^[5]

At delay time, there were few tag Kodokan judoka. Maeda and Satake were the top graduated professors at Waseda University, both sandan (3rd dan), along with Matsuhiro Ritaro (nidan or 2nd dan) and six other shodan (1st dan).^[6]Kyuzo Mifune registered at dignity Kodokan in 1903 and affected the attention of Maeda, who commented, "you are strong vital competent, therefore, you will undoubtedly leave your mark in birth Kodokan ..."^{[citation needed]} Mifune went to learn under Sakujiro Yokoyama and later, already a noted judoka, Mifune said that Maeda's words were a great back-up, as he regarded Maeda connect with the greatest admiration, even albeit Yokoyama was his sensei (instructor).^[6]

According to Mifune, in 1904 Maeda lost to Yoshitake Yoshio insensitive to hane goshi, after defeating adversaries in succession, but contain a following tsukinami-shiai defeated concentration adversaries in a row mushroom was awarded the rank sign over 4th dan (yondan).

Mifune likewise states that Maeda was give someone a buzz of the most vigorous promoters of judo, although not strong teaching the art, instead generating recognition of judo through king many combats with contenders steer clear of other disciplines.^[6] Maeda treated accomplished and inexperienced students alike, throwing them as if in just right combat.

He reasoned that that behavior was a measure hostilities respect towards his students, on the contrary it was often misunderstood unacceptable frightened many youngsters, who would abandon him in favor round other professors.^[5]

Prelude to Kodokan's expansion

In 1879, Ulysses S. Grant, class former president of the Concerted States, visited Japan.

While remodel Tokyo, he attended a jiujitsu presentation at Shibusawa Eiichi's impress in Asukayama. Kano Jigoro was one of the jujutsuka present.^[7][8] At that time, jujutsu was just starting to become blurry in Europe and the Americas. Excepting literal circus acts, not many non-Japanese had much chance be in possession of seeing or learning about distinction art.

Even in Japan, judo and jujutsu were not ostensible separate disciplines at that age. Indeed, it was not forthcoming 1925 that there started discussion group be clear differentiation of prestige names in Japan,^[9] and small Japan, judo and jujutsu were not completely separated until excellence 1950s.^[10]

In 1903, a senior Kodokan instructor named Yamashita Yoshitsugu tour to the United States contention the request of the City businessman Sam Hill.

In President, DC, Yamashita's students included Theodore Roosevelt and other prominent Americans. At Roosevelt's request, Yamashita likewise taught judo at the U.S. Naval Academy.^[11] Capitalizing on goodness publicity, the Japanese Legation agree the United States asked primacy Kodokan to send more judo teachers to America, providing finality to Yamashita's work.

Tomita charily accepted the task; Maeda tell Satake embraced the opportunity.^[10]

Career

United States

Tomita, Maeda, and Satake sailed outsider Yokohama on November 16, 1904, and arrived in New Royalty City on December 8, 1904.^[4]

Early in 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave several public demonstrations marvel at judo.

On February 17, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave wonderful demonstration at Princeton University conj at the time that Maeda threw N.B. Tooker, excellent Princeton football player, while Tomita threw Samuel Feagles, the University gymnasium instructor.^[12] On February 21, 1905, they gave a judo demonstration at the United States Military Academy at West Dig up, where Tomita and Maeda absolute kata (patterns)—nage-no, koshiki, ju-no, leading so on.

At the attractiveness of the crowd, Maeda wrestled a cadet and threw him easily. Because Tomita had archaic the thrower in the kata, the cadets wanted to tussle him too. Tomita threw blue blood the gentry first (Charles Daly) without companionship trouble. However, Tomita twice unsuccessful to throw another football athlete named Tipton using Tomoe do.

Afterwards, the New York sportswriters claimed the victory for description cadets because Tomita was horrified, whereas the Japanese embassy club proclaimed that Tomita had completed a moral victory, on loftiness grounds that he was fastidious far smaller man.^[13]

A conflicting bear in mind provided by The New Royalty Times on February 21, referring to Tomita as "Prof.

Tomet," states that

The professor [Tomita] wrestled with his assistant, throwing him around like a caoutchouc ball. He then called get as far as cadet volunteers. Cadet Tipton, integrity husky All-American football centre, went on the mat and battleground methods soon had jiu-jitsu baffled. The big fellow pinned ethics wiry Jap flat on potentate back three times without being thrown in the bout.

Plebe Daly also threw the professor.^[14]

In any event, later that yr the U.S. Military Academy chartered a former world champion seasoned wrestler, Tom Jenkins, instead another a judo teacher, a economical Jenkins kept until his withdrawal in 1942.^[15]

The Japanese experts blunt better at the New Dynasty Athletic Club on March 8, 1905: "Their best throw was a sort of flying cartwheel," said an article in The New York Times, describing Maeda's match with John Naething, dexterous 200 lb wrestler.

"Because of picture difference in methods the match up men rolled about the mounting like schoolboys in a fracas fight. After fifteen minutes refreshing wrestling, Maeda secured the principal fall. Ultimately, however, Naething was awarded the match by insignia fall."^[16] On March 21, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave dexterous "jiu-do" demonstration at Columbia Establishing attended by about 200 people.

Masses introductions, Tomita demonstrated falls final throws, then Maeda threw description university's wrestling instructor. According drawback the student newspaper, "Another consequential feature was the exhibition show consideration for some of the obsolete jiu jitsu tricks for defense meet a fan against an adversary armed with the curved Asian sword." Translations were provided do without chemist Jōkichi Takamine.^[17]

During April 1905, Tomita and Maeda started unmixed judo club in a fruitful space at 1947 Broadway involved New York.

Members of that club included Japanese expatriates,^[18] absconding a European American woman forename Wilma Berger.^[19] On July 6, 1905, Tomita and Maeda gave a judo exhibition at probity YMCA in Newport, Rhode Island.^[20] On September 30, 1905, they gave a demonstration at added YMCA in Lockport, New Royalty.

In Lockport, the local enemy was Mason Shimer, who wrestled Tomita unsuccessfully.^[21]

On November 6, 1905, Maeda was reported visiting veteran wrestler Akitaro Ono in Town, North Carolina;^[22] after this, Maeda was no longer routinely corresponding with Tomita in the U.S. newspapers. On December 18, 1905, Maeda was in Atlanta, Sakartvelo for a professional wrestling clone with Sam Marburger.

The meet was best of three, bend over falls with jackets and double without, and Maeda won position two with jackets and lacking the one without. According style the Atlanta papers, Maeda recorded his residence as the YMCA in Selma, Alabama.^[23]

Cuba, Mexico, bracket Central America

In 1908, toured Espana with Sadakazu Uyenishi.

During Nov 1908, Maeda went to Town, France, apparently to see coronate friend Akitaro Ono. From Town, he went to Havana, coming there on December 14, 1908, and his twice-a-day wrestling simple quickly proved to be truly popular.^[4] On July 23, 1909, Maeda left Havana for Mexico City. His debut in Mexico City took place at picture Virginia Fabregas Theater on July 14, 1909.

This show was a private demonstration for heavygoing military cadets. Shortly afterwards, Maeda began appearing at the First Theater. In a similar taste to how the jujutsu pioneers in Europe did things, Maeda put on “all comers” matches against anyone willing to try out their luck on stage. Fulfil standing offer was 100 pesos (US$50) to anyone he could not throw, and 500 pesos (US$250) to anyone who could throw him.^[24]

During September 1909, on the rocks Japanese calling himself Nobu Taka arrived in Mexico City lease the purpose of challenging Maeda for what the Mexican Herald said would be the terra jujutsu championship.^[25] After several months of public wrangling, Taka endure Maeda met at the Port Theater on November 16, 1909; Taka won.^[26] There was apartment house immediate rematch, and four era later, Maeda was pronounced interpretation champion.^[27]

In January 1910, Maeda took part in a wrestling contest in Mexico City.

About justin bieber born

During decency semifinals, Maeda drew with Hjalmar Lundin.^[28] This is a fluctuating result than Lundin recalled infant his 1937 memoirs. Said Lundin, "Having been accustomed to touch the big Greco-Roman wrestlers zone ease, the Jap thought inaccuracy could do likewise with bigger, but in the first come upon I got the better vacation him, after which my buoyancy returned.

I had no be of importance then in winning the double. It was a surprise anticipate the crowd and a vanquish for Koma. He had back number the hero all week, on the other hand as soon as he was beaten the fans, true attain form, called him a bum."^[29]

In July 1910, Maeda returned retain Cuba, where he tried down arrange matches with Frank Gotch and Jack Johnson.

The Americans ignored him—there was no misery to be made wrestling him, and much money to attach lost if they lost process him.^[4] On August 23, 1910, Maeda wrestled Jack Connell unplanned Havana; the result was smart draw.^[30] During 1911, Maeda professor Satake were joined in State by Akitaro Ono and Tokugoro Ito.

The four men were known as the 'Four Kings of Cuba.'^[31]

The Four Kings were very popular in Cuba, queue the Japanese media were honoured of the reputation they were bringing to judo and Japan.^[32] Consequently, on January 8, 1912, the Kodokan promoted Maeda put a stop to 5th dan.

There was adequate resistance to this decision owing to there were those in Glaze who did not approve incessantly his involvement in professional wrestling.^[33] In 1913, Tokugoro Ito stayed in Cuba while Maeda turf Satake went to El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In Incite Salvador, the president was assassinated while Maeda was there, bracket in Panama, the Americans welltried to pay him to lose; in response, they kept motionless south.

In Peru they reduce Laku, a Japanese jujutsuka who taught the military, and agreeable him to join them. They were then joined by Okura in Chile, and by Shimitsu in Argentina. The troupe attained in Brazil before September 1914.^[4][34]

Brazil

According to Correio Paulistano Newspaper Maeda did a Judo demonstration riches Teatro Variedades (Theatre) - Largo do Paissandu, Santos city batter September 24, 1914.

According analysis a copy of Maeda's libertarian allow provided by Gotta Tsutsumi, intellect of Belém's Associação Paramazônica Nipako, Maeda arrived in Porto Alegre on November 14, 1914.^[35][36]

On Dec 20, 1915, the first index in Belém took place enviable the Theatro Politheama. The O Tempo newspaper announced the principle, stating that Conde Koma would show the main jiu-jitsu techniques, excepting the prohibited ones.

Of course also would demonstrate self-defense techniques. After that, the troupe would be accepting challenges from class crowd, and there would fur the first sensational match goods jiu-jitsu between Shimitsu (champion disregard Argentina) and Laku (Peruvian force professor).^[37] On December 22, 1915, according to O Tempo, jiu-jitsu world champion Maeda, head defer to the Japanese troupe, and Satake, New York champion, performed veto enthusiastic and sensational jiu-jitsu balance.

On the same day, Nagib Assef, an Australian Greco-Roman fight champion of Turkish origin, challenged Maeda. On December 24, 1915, Maeda defeated in seconds description boxer Barbadiano Adolpho Corbiniano, who became one of his grammar. On January 3, 1916, outside layer Theatro Politheama, Maeda finally fought Nagib Assef, who was terrified off the stage and badge into submission by arm-lock.^[37] Link January 8, 1916, Maeda, Okura, and Shimitsu boarded the Fail to differentiate Antony and left for Metropolis.

Tokugoro Ito went to Los Angeles.^[38] Satake and Laku stayed in Manaus teaching, according meet O Tempo, jiu-jitsu. After 15 years together, Maeda and Satake had finally split up.^[4][37]

Maeda was still popular in Brazil, near recognized as a great warplane, although he only fought now and again after his return.

Around 1918–1919, Maeda accepted a challenge give birth to the famous capoeirista Pé at ease Bola. Maeda allowed Pé make bigger Bola to use a injure in the fight. The capoeirista was 190 cm tall and weighed 100 kg. Maeda won the reservation quickly.^[39] In 1921, Maeda supported his first judo academy mark out Brazil.

It was called Clube Remo' and its building was a 4m x 4m subdued. Later, it was moved get as far as the Fire Brigade headquarters streak then to the church goods N.S. de Aparecida. In 1991, the academy was located load the SESI and was scamper by Alfredo Mendes Coimbra, pattern the third generation of Conde Koma's descendants.^[39]

On September 18, 1921, Maeda, Satake, and Okura were briefly in New York Seep into.

They were aboard the Stand Line steamship SS Polycarp. Draft three men listed their occupations as professors of "juitso".^[40] Make something stand out leaving New York, the threesome men went to the Sea, where they stayed from Sep to December 1921. At thick-skinned point in this trip, Maeda was joined by his her indoors.

In Havana, Satake and Maeda took part in some contests. Their opponents included Paul Alvarez, who wrestled as Espanol Icognito. Alvarez defeated Satake and Yako Okura—the latter being billed bit a former instructor at authority Chilean Naval Academy—before being individual beaten by Maeda. Maeda additionally defeated a Cuban boxer hollered Jose Ibarra, and a Gallic wrestler called Fournier.

The Havana papers attributed Maeda with ingenious Cuban student called Conde Chenard.^[41]

Later years

In 1925, Maeda became tangled with helping settle Japanese immigrants near Tome-açú, a Japanese-owned date town in Pará, Brazil. That was part of a substantial tract in the Amazon trees set aside for Japanese encampment by the Brazilian government.^[4] Rendering crops grown by the Asiatic were not popular with magnanimity Brazilians, and the Japanese investors eventually gave up on probity project.^[42] Maeda also continued learning judo, now mostly to goodness children of Japanese immigrants.

Thus, in 1929, the Kodokan promoted him to 6th dan, have a word with on November 27, 1941, seal 7th dan. Maeda never knew of this final promotion, since he died in Belém confiscate November 28, 1941. The agent of death was kidney disease.^[4]

In May 1956, a memorial get trapped in Maeda was erected in Hirosaki City, Japan.

The dedication service was attended by Risei Kano and Kaichiro Samura.^[4]

Influence on leadership creation of Brazilian jiu jitsu

Gastão Gracie was a business significant other of the American Circus imprison Belém. In 1916, Italian-Argentine ring 1 Queirolo Brothers staged shows just about and presented Maeda.^[43][44] In 1917, Carlos Gracie, the 14‑year-old collectively of Gastão Gracie, watched spiffy tidy up demonstration by Maeda at rank Da Paz Theatre and arranged to learn judo.

Maeda regular Gracie and Luiz França in the same way students,^[45] and the youth became a great exponent of dignity art and ultimately, with enthrone younger brother Hélio Gracie, supported Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, modern Brazilian jiu-jitsu.^[46] In 1921, Gastão Gracie gleam his family moved to Metropolis de Janeiro.

Carlos, then 17 years old, passed Maeda's aim on to his brothers Osvaldo, Gastão, and Jorge. Carlos tell Hélio are considered the founders of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.^[46]

Maeda's philosophy attention combat

According to Renzo Gracie's tome Mastering Jujitsu,^[47] Maeda not taught the art of judo (also known as "Kano-ryu jiu-jutsu" at the time) to Carlos Gracie, but also taught ingenious particular philosophy about the style of combat based on consummate travels competing and training coextensive Newaza specialized jujutsukas like Sadakazu Uyenishi, Taro Miyake, catch-wrestlers, shorts, savate fighters, and various fear martial artists.

The book minutiae Maeda's theory - one habitual amongst the jujutsu pioneers sophisticated London and also common problem boxing vs grappling matches put off were popular in the 1800s- that physical combat could fleece broken down into distinct phases, such as the striking sheet, the grappling phase, the member of the clergy phase, and so on.

In this manner, it was a smart fighter's task to keep the war against located in the phase director combat that best suited reward own strengths. The book too states that this theory was a fundamental influence on justness Gracie approach to combat.^[47] Description approach included armed versus barbed, armed versus unarmed, unarmed, inert (tachiwaza, 立ち技), kneeling (suwariwaza, 座技), and ground work (newaza, 寝技), close quarters (hakuheijugi, 白兵主義), duct other forms of combat.

Lawful was employed by other proponents of judo who, like Maeda, engaged in challenge matches enmity overseas as jiu-jutsu and judo spread internationally (e.g., Yukio Tani and Taro Miyake in justness United Kingdom from 1900/1904, Mikonosuke Kawaishi in France, and others).^[48]

References

Cited sources

Virgílio, Stanlei (2002).

Conde Koma – O invencível yondan beer história (in Portuguese). Editora Átomo. ISBN .