1st dalai lama biography for children

Tulku lineage of Gelug Himalayish Buddhism

For other uses, see Dalailama.

For the current 14th Dalai Lama, see 14th Dalai Lama.

Dalai Lama (, ;^[1][2]Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Wylie: Tā la'i bla ma[táːlɛːláma]) evenhanded part of the full dub "Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" (圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛)^[3] given by Altan Caravanserai, the first Shunyi King attention to detail Ming China.

He offered evenly in appreciation to the ruler of the Gelug school cosy up Tibetan Buddhism, Sonam Gyatso, who received it in 1578 draw on Yanghua Monastery.^[4] At that again and again, Sonam Gyatso had just delineated teachings to the Khan, service so the title of Dalai Lama was also given give a warning the entire tulku lineage.

Sonam Gyatso became the 3rd Dalai Lama, while the first span tulkus in the lineage, high-mindedness 1st Dalai Lama and glory 2nd Dalai Lama, were posthumously awarded the title.

All tulkus in the lineage of glory Dalai Lamas are considered manifestations of the Buddha Avalokiteshvara,^[2][1] nobleness bodhisattva of compassion.^[5][6]

Since the purpose of the 5th Dalai Lama in the 17th century, class Dalai Lama has been smart symbol of unification of grandeur state of Tibet.^[7] The Dalai Lama was an important configuration of the Gelug tradition, which was dominant in Central Thibet, but his religious authority went beyond sectarian boundaries, representing Faith values and traditions not even to a specific school.^[8] Primacy Dalai Lama's traditional function pass for an ecumenical figure has anachronistic taken up by the ordinal Dalai Lama, who has pompous to overcome sectarian and vex divisions in the exile general public and become a symbol remove Tibetan nationhood for Tibetans discern Tibet and in exile.^[9] Unquestionable is Tenzin Gyatso, who fugitive from Lhasa in 1959 before the Tibetan diaspora and lives in exile in Dharamsala, Bharat.

From 1642 and the Ordinal Dalai Lama until 1951 accept the 14th Dalai Lama, glory lineage was enjoined with interpretation secular role of governing Sitsang. During this period, the Dalai Lamas or their Kalons (or regents) led the Tibetan polity in Lhasa, known as say publicly Ganden Phodrang. The Ganden Phodrang government officially functioned as exceptional protectorate under Qing China oppress and governed all of justness Tibetan Plateau while respecting variable degrees of autonomy.^[10][11] After integrity Qing dynasty collapsed in 1912, the Republic of China (ROC) claimed succession over all stool pigeon Qing territories, but struggled interest establish authority in Tibet.

Significance 13th Dalai Lama declared go off Tibet's relationship with China abstruse ended with the Qing dynasty's fall and proclaimed independence, granted this was not formally constituted under international law.^[12] In 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama revoked Tibet's Seventeen Point Agreement liven up China and intially supported character Tibetan independence movement, but in that 2005 he has publicly at one that Tibet is part refreshing China and has not substantiated separatism.^[13]

There is a concept take away Tibetan history known as "mchod yon" (མཆོད་ཡོན), often translated variety "priest and patron relationship".

Go with describes the historical alliance 'tween Tibetan Buddhist leaders and mundane rulers, such as the Mongols, Manchus, and Chinese authorities. Complain this relationship, the secular finance (yon bdag) provides political brolly and support to the unworldly figure, who in turn offers spiritual guidance and legitimacy. Proponents of this theory argue put off it allowed Tibet to claim a degree of autonomy admire religious and cultural matters measurement ensuring political stability and protection.^[14]

But critics, including Sam van Schaik, contend that the theory oversimplifies the situation and often obscures the political dominance more beefy states exert over Tibet.

Historians such as Melvyn Goldstein enjoy called Tibet a vassal remark or tributary, subject to further than control.^[15] During the Yuan class, Tibetan lamas held significant spiritual influence, but the Mongol Khans had ultimate political authority. Likewise, under the Qing Dynasty, which established control over Tibet sophisticated 1720, the region enjoyed unmixed degree of autonomy, but make a racket diplomatic agreements recognized Qing China's sovereign right to negotiate don conclude treaties and trade agreements involving Tibet.

Since the Ordinal century, Chinese authorities have alleged the right to oversee justness selection of Tibetan spiritual front, including the Dalai and Panchen Lamas.^[16] This practice was formalistic in 1793 through the "29-Article Ordinance for the More Thrifty Governing of Tibet".^[17]

According to Himalayish Buddhist doctrine, the Dalai Lama chooses his reincarnation.

In original times, the 14th Dalai Lama has opposed Chinese government display, emphasizing that his reincarnation requirement not be subject to surface casual political influence. He has as well said that he could rejuvenate as a woman or designate not to reincarnate at all.^[18][19]

Names

1578 AD, Dalai Lama.

The caption Dalai Lama is part raise the full title "圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛" (Holiness Meaningful Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama) delineated by Altan Khan. "Dalai Lama" is a combination of class Mongolic word dalai ('ocean') explode the Tibetan word བླ་མ་ (bla-ma) ('master, guru').^[21][22] The word dalai corresponds to the Tibetan vocable gyatso^[23] or rgya-mtsho,^[24] and, according to Schwieger, was chosen overstep analogy with the Mongolian christen Dalaiyin qan or Dalaiin khan.^{[citation needed]} Others suggest it haw have been chosen in allusion to the breadth of probity Dalai Lama's wisdom.^[25] The Dalai Lama is also known alter Tibetan as the Rgyal-ba Rin-po-che ('Precious Conqueror')^[24] or simply chimp the Rgyal-ba.^[26]: 23

1587 AD, Duǒ Lounge Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱).

As popular by the third Shunyi Pretty of Ming China, Chelike, Sonam Gyatso was given title Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (朵儿只唱) strong Wanli Emperor.^[28][29]

History

Main article: History refreshing Tibet

Origins in myth and legend

Since the 11th century, it has been widely believed in Main Asian Buddhist countries that Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, has a special relationship with honourableness people of Tibet and intervenes in their fate by incarnating as benevolent rulers and officers such as the Dalai Lamas.^[30]The Book of Kadam,^[31][32] the continue text of the Kadampa kindergarten from which the 1st Dalai Lama hailed, is said statement of intent have laid the foundation look after the Tibetans' later identification come within earshot of the Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara.^[33][34][35] It traces magnanimity legend of the bodhisattva's incarnations as early Tibetan kings arena emperors such as Songtsen Gampo and later as Dromtönpa (1004–1064).^[36] This lineage has been extrapolated by Tibetans up to lecturer including the Dalai Lamas.^[37]

Thus, according to such sources, an natural line of succession of blue blood the gentry present Dalai Lamas as incarnations of Avalokiteśvara stretches back unnecessary further than the 1st Dalai Lama, Gendun Drub; as profuse as sixty persons are enumerated as earlier incarnations of Avalokiteśvara and predecessors in the one and the same lineage leading up to Gendun Drub.

These earlier incarnations incorporate a mythology of 36 Amerindian personalities, ten early Tibetan kings and emperors all said lay at the door of be previous incarnations of Dromtönpa, and fourteen further Nepalese allow Tibetan yogis and sages.^[38] Now fact, according to the "Birth to Exile" article on grandeur 14th Dalai Lama's website, operate is "the seventy-fourth in unembellished lineage that can be derived back to a Brahmin stripling who lived in the constantly of Buddha Shakyamuni."^[39]

Avalokiteśvara's "Dalai Lama master plan"

According to the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, long ago Avalokiteśvara had promised the Buddha practice guide and defend the Asian people.

In the late Central point Ages, his master plan abide by fulfill this promise was dignity stage-by-stage establishment of the Dalai Lama institution in Tibet.^[40]

First, Tsongkhapa established three great monasteries posse Lhasa in the province grounding Ü before he died incorporate 1419.^[41] The 1st Dalai Lama soon became Abbot of description greatest one, Drepung, and handsome a large popular power outcome in Ü.

He later large this to cover Tsang,^[42] site he constructed a fourth collective monastery, Tashi Lhunpo, at Shigatse.^[43] The 2nd studied there in advance returning to Lhasa,^[40] where unquestionable became Abbot of Drepung.^[44] Acceptance reactivated the 1st's large favourite followings in Tsang and Ü,^[45] the 2nd then moved storm out to southern Tibet and collected more followers there who helped him construct a new buddhism vihara, Chokorgyel.^[46] He established the plan by which later Dalai Lama incarnations would be discovered documentation visions at the "oracle lake", Lhamo Lhatso.^[47]

The 3rd built self-righteousness his predecessors' fame by convenient Abbot of the two say monasteries of Drepung and Sera.^[47] The Mongol leader Altan Caravanserai, first Ming Shunyi King, get-together of his reputation, invited authority 3rd to Mongolia where grandeur 3rd converted the King obscure his followers to Buddhism, video a vast tract of chief Asia.

This brought most mock Mongolia into the Dalai Lama's sphere of influence, founding pure spiritual empire which largely survives to the modern age.^[48] Fend for being given the Mongolian label 'Dalai',^[49] he returned to Thibet to found the great monasteries of Lithang in Kham, acclimatize Tibet and Kumbum in Amdo, north-eastern Tibet.^[50]

The 4th was bolster born in Mongolia as honourableness great-grandson of Altan Khan, cementing strong ties between Central Aggregation, the Dalai Lamas, the Gelugpa and Tibet.^[51] The 5th of the essence the succession used the infinite popular power base of zealous followers built up by king four predecessors.

By 1642, inert the strategy provided by consummate chagdzo (manager) Sonam Rapten current the military assistance of Khoshut chieftain Gushri Khan, the 'Great 5th' founded the Dalai Lamas' religious and political reign staunch Tibet that survived for closed 300 years.^[52]

Establishment of the Dalai Lama lineage

Gendun Drup (1391–1474), unornamented disciple of Je Tsongkapa,^[53] would eventually be known as description 'First Dalai Lama', but noteworthy would not receive this dub until 104 years after proscribed died.^[54] There was resistance do away with naming him as such, by reason of he was ordained a loosely friar in the Kadampa tradition^[46] person in charge for various reasons,^{[further explanation needed]} the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the tulku system to which the senior schools adhered.

Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be public housing important Gelugpa lama, there was no search to identify monarch incarnation after his death encumber 1474.^[55]

Despite this, 55 years back end Tsongkhapa, the Tashilhunpo monks heard accounts that an incarnation considerate Gendun Drup had appeared neighbouring and repeatedly announced himself wean away from the age of two.^[56] Primacy monastic authorities saw compelling bear out that convinced them the infant in question was indeed interpretation incarnation of their founder deliver felt obliged to break shrink their own tradition, and break off 1487, the boy was renamed Gendun Gyatso and installed enraged Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.^[57]

Gendun Gyatso died remit 1542, but the lineage be frightened of Dalai Lama tulkus became positively established with the third embodiment, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588), who was formally recognised and enthroned concede defeat Drepung in 1546.^[58] Gendun Gyatso was given the title "Dalai Lama" by the Tümed Altan Khan in 1578,^[59]: 153 and rulership two predecessors were then accorded the title posthumously, making Gendun now the third in magnanimity lineage.^[54]

1st Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

Pema Dorje (1391–1474), who would eventually be posthumously avowed the 1st Dalai Lama, was born in a cattle out in Shabtod, Tsang in 1391.^[60][46] His family were goatherders, on the contrary when his father died birth 1398, his mother entrusted him to his uncle for schooling as a Buddhist monk.^[61] Pema Dorje was sent to Narthang, a major Kadampa monastery close by Shigatse, which ran the master printing press in Tibet.^[62] University teacher celebrated library attracted many scholars, so Pema Dorje received break off education beyond the norm horizontal the time as well primate exposure to diverse spiritual schools and ideas.^[63]

He studied Buddhist metaphysics extensively.

In 1405, ordained alongside Narthang's abbot, he took rank name of Gendun Drup.^[46] Significant was recognised as an hardly ever gifted pupil, so the archimandrite tutored him personally and took special interest in his progress.^[63] In twelve years he passed the twelve grades of monkhood and took the highest vows.^[60] After completing his intensive studies at Narthang he left brave continue at specialist monasteries slur Central Tibet.^[64]

In 1415, Gendun Drup met Tsongkhapa, founder of authority Gelugpa school, and became king student.^[65] After the death stir up Tsongkhapa's successor, the Panchen Lama Khedrup Je, Gendun Drup became the leader of the Gelugpa.^[60] He rose to become Superior of Drepung, the greatest Gelugpa monastery outside Lhasa.^[44]

It was chiefly due to Gendun Drup defer Tsongkhapa's new school grew change an order capable of competing with others on an interchangeable footing.^[66] Taking advantage of advantage relations with the nobility survive a lack of determined antagonism from rival orders, he supported Tashilhunpo Monastery at Shigatse, deliberate the very edge of Fate Kagyu-dominated territory,^[66] and would save as its Abbot until king death.^[67] This monastery became excellence fourth great Gelugpa monastery slice Tibet, after Ganden, Drepung, extort Sera, all founded in Tsongkhapa's time,^[41] and would later befit the seat of the Panchen Lamas.^[68] By establishing it decay Shigatse in the middle take off Tsang, Gendun Drup expanded integrity Gelugpa sphere of influence, station his own, from the Terrier region of Ü to that province, which was the fortification of the Karma Kagyu faculty and their patrons, the revolt Tsangpa dynasty.^[41][69] Tashilhunpo eventually walk 'Southern Tibet's greatest monastic university'^[70] with a complement of 3,000 monks.^[46]

Gendun Drup was said bring out be the greatest scholar-saint astute produced by Narthang Monastery^[70] topmost became 'the single most relevant lama in Tibet'.^[71] Through condensed work he became a respected lama, known as 'Perfecter homework the Monkhood', 'with a mass of disciples'.^[68] Famed for sovereignty Buddhist scholarship, he was besides referred to as Panchen Gendun Drup, 'Panchen' being an 1 title designating 'great scholar'.^[46] In and out of the great Jonangpa master Bodong Chokley Namgyal^[72] he was accorded the honorary title Tamchey Khyenpa meaning "The Omniscient One", potent appellation that was later decided to all Dalai Lama incarnations.^[73]

At the age of 50, lighten up entered meditation retreat at Narthang.

As he grew older, Destiny Kagyu adherents, finding their cult was losing too many recruits to the monkhood to going strong Gelugpa monasteries, tried to inspect Gelug expansion by launching bellicose expeditions against them.^[74] This put on to decades of military tell political power struggles between Tsangpa dynasty forces and others farm cart central Tibet.^[75] In an beginning to ameliorate these clashes, Gendun Drup issued a poem find advice to his followers counselling restraint from responding to strength with more violence and urged compassion and patience instead.

Character poem, entitled Shar Gang Rima, "The Song of the Condition Snow Mountains", became one endorsement his most enduring popular learned works.^[76]

Gendun Drup's spiritual accomplishments bow him substantial donations from inculcate which he used to raise and furnish new monasteries, type well as to print folk tale distribute Buddhist texts and regard maintain monks and meditators.^[77] Carry 1474, at the age dear 84, he went on far-out final teaching tour by pedestal to visit Narthang Monastery.

Periodic to Tashilhunpo^[78] he died 'in a blaze of glory, recognized as having attained Buddhahood'.^[68]

His relic were interred in a bejewelled silver stupa at Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, which survived the Ethnic Revolution and can still subsist seen.^[55]

2nd Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

After Gendun Drup athletic, a boy called Sangyey Constituent, born to Nyngma adepts simulated Yolkar in Tsang,^[46][79] declared human being at the age of four to be Gendun Drup elitist asked to be 'taken home' to Tashilhunpo.

He spoke rejoicing mystical verses, quoted classical texts spontaneously,^[80] and claimed to rectify Dromtönpa, an earlier incarnation pale the Dalai Lamas.^[81] When proceed saw monks from Tashilhunpo, bankruptcy greeted the disciples of significance late Gendun Drup by name.^[82] Convinced by the evidence, decency Gelugpa elders broke with nobleness traditions of their school prep added to recognised him as Gendun Drup's tulku at the age in this area eight.^[57]

His father took him project teachings and retreats, training him in all the family Nyingma lineages.^[83] At twelve he was installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's incarnation, ordained, enthroned, playing field renamed Gendun Gyatso Palzangpo (1475–1542).^[57]

Tutored personally by the abbot, good taste made rapid progress, and follow 1492 at the age take off seventeen he was requested analysis teach all over Tsang, spin thousands gathered to listen most important give obeisance, including senior scholars and abbots.^[84] Two years following, he met some opposition running off the Tashilhunpo establishment when tensions arose over conflicts between advocates of the two types heed succession: the traditional abbatial discretion through merit and incarnation.

Explicit therefore moved to central Sitsang, where he was invited crossreference Drepung and where his standing as a brilliant young guru quickly grew.^[85][86] This move difficult to understand the effect of shifting main Gelug authority back to Terrier.

He was afforded all leadership loyalty and devotion that Gendun Drup had earned and loftiness Gelug school remained as affiliated as ever.^[41] Under his direction, the sect continued growing resource size and influence^[87] and academic lamas were asked to interpose in disputes between other rivals.^[88] Gendun Gyatso's popularity in Ü-Tsang grew as he went product pilgrimage, teaching and studying exaggerate masters such as the give your word Khedrup Norzang Gyatso in primacy Olklha mountains.^[89] He also stayed in Kongpo and Dagpo^[90] humbling became known all over Tibet.^[47] He spent his winters acquit yourself Lhasa, writing commentaries, and dead beat the rest of the era travelling and teaching many a lot of monks and laypeople.^[91]

In 1509, he moved to southern Sitsang to build Chokorgyel Monastery obstruct the 'Oracle Lake', Lhamo Latso,^[47] completing it by 1511.^[92] Rove year he saw visions terminate the lake and 'empowered' enterprise to impart clues to succour identify incarnate lamas.

All Dalai Lamas from the 3rd aficionado were found with the support of such visions granted inhibit regents.^[47][93] He was invited hitch to Tashilhunpo and given rectitude residence built for Gendun Drup, to be occupied later building block the Panchen Lamas.^[46] He was made abbot of Tashilhunpo^[94] leading stayed there teaching in Tsang for nine months.^[95]

Gendun Gyatso lengthened to travel widely and inform about while based at Tibet's a-one monastery, Drepung and became methodical as 'Drepung Lama',^[87] his laurels and influence spreading all jurisdiction Central Asia as the pre-eminent students from hundreds of helpful monasteries in Asia were kink to Drepung for education.^[92]

Throughout Gendun Gyatso's life, the Gelugpa were opposed and suppressed by major rivals, particularly the Karma Kagyu and their Ringpung clan patronage from Tsang, who felt endangered by their loss of influence.^[96] In 1498, the Ringpung soldiers captured Lhasa and banned leadership Gelugpa annual New Year Monlam Prayer Festival.^[96][97] Gendun Gyatso was promoted to abbot of Drepung in 1517^[92] and that class Ringpung forces were forced withdraw from Lhasa.^[96][98] Gendun Gyatso then went to the Gongma (King) Drakpa Jungne^[99] to hire permission for the festival figure up be held again.^[97] The press forward New Year, the Gongma was so impressed by Gendun Gyatso's performance leading the festival meander he sponsored construction of wonderful large new residence for him at Drepung, 'a monastery backing bowels a monastery'.^[97] It was titled the Ganden Phodrang, a honour later adopted by the Asiatic Government,^[46] and it served style home for Dalai Lamas during the Fifth moved to high-mindedness Potala Palace in 1645.

In 1525, already abbot of Chokhorgyel, Drepung and Tashilhunpo, he was made abbot of Sera cloister as well, and worked talk increase the number of monks there. Based at Drepung manner winter and Chokorgyel in summertime, he spent his remaining mature composing commentaries, making regional instructional tours, visiting Tashilhunpo, and exact as abbot of these quadruplet great monasteries.^[100] As abbot, fair enough made Drepung the largest abbey in the whole of Tibet.^[101] He attracted many students advocate disciples 'from Kashmir to China' as well as major clientele and disciples such as Gongma Nangso Donyopa of Droda who built a monastery at Zhekar Dzong in his honour plus invited him to name inopportune and be its spiritual guide.^[102][100]

Gongma Gyaltsen Palzangpo of Khyomorlungand illustrious his Queen, Sangyey Paldzomma, became his favorite patrons and prepare and he visited their extent to carry out rituals bit 'he chose it for circlet next place of rebirth'.^[103] Agreed died in meditation at Drepung in 1542 at the discretion of 67 and his chest stupa was constructed at Khyomorlung.^[104] It was said that, hunk the time he died, job his disciples and their course group, his personal influence covered integrity whole of Buddhist Central Assemblage where 'there was nobody conjure any consequence who did categorize know of him.'^[104] The Dalai Lama title was posthumously notwithstanding to Gedun Gyatso after 1578.

3rd Dalai Lama

Main article: Ordinal Dalai Lama

The Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588), was constitutional in Tolung, near Lhasa,^[105] although predicted by his predecessor.^[103] Claiming he was Gendun Gyatso countryside readily recalling events from cap previous life, he was recognized as the incarnation, named 'Sonam Gyatso' and installed at Drepung, where 'he quickly excelled top teachers in knowledge and sensibleness and developed extraordinary powers'.^[106] Different his predecessors, he came yield a noble family, connected run into the Sakya and the Phagmo Drupa (Karma Kagyu affiliated) dynasties,^[101] and it is to him that the effective conversion try to be like Mongolia to Buddhism is due.^[68]

A brilliant scholar and teacher,^[107] bankruptcy had the spiritual maturity adjacent to be made Abbot of Drepung,^[108] taking responsibility for the affair and spiritual well-being of Tibet's largest monastery at the become threadbare of nine.

At 10 explicit led the Monlam Prayer Commemoration, giving daily discourses to dignity assembly of all Gelugpa monks.^[109] His influence grew so voluntarily that soon the monks deed Sera Monastery also made him their Abbot^[47] and his intrusion was being sought to stadium fighting between political power factions.

At 16, in 1559, crystal-clear was invited to Nedong rough King Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, uncut Karma Kagyu supporter, and became his personal teacher.^[105]

At 17, in the way that fighting broke out in Lassa between Gelug and Kagyu parties and efforts by local lamas to mediate failed, Sonam Gyatso negotiated a peaceful settlement.

Mock 19, when the Kyichu burst its banks and inundated Lhasa, he led his people to rescue victims and put the dykes. He then instituted a custom whereby on authority last day of Monlam, be at war with the monks would work incessant strengthening the flood defences.^[105] Piecemeal, he was shaping himself excited a national leader.^[110] His regard and renown became such walk in 1564 when the Nedong King died, it was Sonam Gyatso at the age be in possession of 21 who was requested regarding lead his funeral rites, somewhat than his own Kagyu lamas.^[47]

Required to travel and teach impecunious respite after taking full instatement in 1565, he still preserved extensive meditation practices in greatness hours before dawn and bone up at the end of integrity day.^[111] In 1569, at addendum 26, he went to Tashilhunpo to study the layout mushroom administration of the monastery tint by his predecessor Gendun Drup.

Invited to become the Archimandrite he declined, already being Archimandrite of Drepung and Sera, nevertheless left his deputy there stop in full flow his stead.^[112] From there unquestionable visited Narthang, the first convent of Gendun Drup and gave numerous discourses and offerings connection the monks in gratitude.^[111]

Meanwhile, Altan Khan, chief of all influence Mongol tribes near China's precincts, had heard of Sonam Gyatso's spiritual prowess and repeatedly greet him to Mongolia.^[101] By 1571, when Altan Khan received smart title of Shunyi Wang (King) from the Ming dynasty intelligent China^[113] and swore allegiance handle Ming,^[114] Although he remained catch sight of facto quite independent,^[59]: 106 he challenging fulfilled his political destiny careful a nephew advised him save seek spiritual salvation, saying make certain "in Tibet dwells Avalokiteshvara", referring to Sonam Gyatso, then 28 years old.^[115] China was further happy to help Altan Caravansary by providing necessary translations provision holy scripture, and also lamas.^[116]

At the second invitation, in 1577–78 Sonam Gyatso travelled 1,500 miles to Mongolia to see him.

They met in an ozone of intense reverence and devotion^[117] and their meeting resulted include the re-establishment of strong Tibet-Mongolia relations after a gap motionless 200 years.^[101] To Altan Caravanserai, Sonam Gyatso identified himself owing to the incarnation of Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, and Altan Khan importation that of Kubilai Khan, consequently placing the Khan as heiress to the Chingizid lineage whilst securing his patronage.^[118] Altan Caravansary and his followers quickly adoptive Buddhism as their state belief, replacing the prohibited traditional Shamanism.^[107]

Mongol law was reformed to satisfactory with Tibetan Buddhist law.

Use this time Buddhism spread hastily across Mongolia^[118] and soon magnanimity Gelugpa had won the nonmaterialistic allegiance of most of authority Mongolian tribes.^[107] As proposed tough Sonam Gyatso, Altan Khan godparented the building of Thegchen Chonkhor Monastery at the site look up to Sonam Gyatso's open-air teachings delineated to the whole Mongol homeland.

He also called Sonam Gyatso "Dalai", Mongolian for 'Gyatso' (Ocean).^[119] In October 1587, as insist by the family of Altan Khan, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso was promoted to Duǒ Er Zhǐ Chàng (Chinese:朵儿只唱) by the sovereign of China, seal of right and golden sheets were granted.^[120]

The name "Dalai Lama", by which the lineage later became fit to drop throughout the non-Tibetan world, was thus established and it was applied to the first couple incarnations retrospectively.^[54]

In 1579, the Involve yourself in allowed the third Dalai Lama to pay regular tribute.^[121] Habitual eventually to Tibet by simple roundabout route and invited compulsion stay and teach all well ahead the way, in 1580 Sonam Gyatso was in Hohhot [or Ningxia], not far from Peking, when the Chinese Emperor summoned him to his court.^[122][123] Brush aside then he had established clever religious empire of such extent that it was unsurprising honourableness Emperor wanted to summon him and grant him a diploma.^[117]

Through Altan Khan, the 3rd Dalai Lama requested to pay honour to the Emperor of Mate in order to raise enthrone State Tutor ranking, and dignity Ming imperial court of Partner agreed with the request.^[124] Sieve 1582, he heard Altan Caravanserai had died and invited coarse his son Dhüring Khan blooper decided to return to Mongolia.

Passing through Amdo, he supported a second great monastery, Kumbum, at the birthplace of Tsongkhapa near Kokonor.^[123] Further on, unwind was asked to adjudicate cleverness border disputes between Mongolia celebrated China. It was the be foremost time a Dalai Lama difficult to understand exercised such political authority.^[125]

Arriving hold Mongolia in 1585, he stayed 2 years with Dhüring Caravansary, teaching Buddhism to his people^[123] and converting more Mongol princes and their tribes.

Receiving marvellous second invitation from the Sovereign in Beijing he accepted, on the other hand died en route in 1588.^[126] As he was dying, rulership Mongolian converts urged him slogan to leave them, as they needed his continuing religious administration. He promised them he would be incarnated next in Mongolia, as a Mongolian.^[125]

4th Dalai Lama

Main article: 4th Dalai Lama

The Dwelling Dalai Lama, Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617) was a Mongol, the great-grandson of Altan Khan^[127] who was a descendant of Kublai Caravansary and leader of the Tümed Mongols who had already archaic converted to Buddhism by class Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588).^[44] This strong connection caused the Mongols to zealously finance the Gelugpa sect in Xizang, strengthening their status and drive but also arousing intensified comparison from the Gelugpa's rivals, optional extra the Tsang Karma Kagyu entertain Shigatse and their Mongol clients and the Bönpo in Kham and their allies.^[44] Being description newest school, unlike the major schools the Gelugpa lacked characteristic established network of Tibetan family patronage and were thus advanced reliant on foreign patrons.^[128]

At greatness age of 10 with capital large Mongol escort he cosmopolitan to Lhasa where he was enthroned.

He studied at Drepung and became its abbot nevertheless being a non-Tibetan he reduction with opposition from some Tibetans, especially the Karma Kagyu who felt their position was imperilled by these emerging events; back were several attempts to fly him from power.^[129] Seal attention to detail authority was granted in 1616 by Wanli Emperor of Ming.^[130] Yonten Gyatso died at illustriousness age of 27 under suspected circumstances and his chief consequent Sonam Rapten went on pressurize somebody into discover the 5th Dalai Lama, became his chagdzo or superintendent and after 1642 he went on to be his prince, the Desi.^[131]

5th Dalai Lama

Main article: 5th Dalai Lama

The death beat somebody to it the Fourth Dalai Lama return 1617 led to open opposition breaking out between various parties.^[128] Firstly, the Tsangpa dynasty, rulers of Central Tibet from Shigatse, supporters of the Karmapa institution and rivals to the Gelugpa, forbade the search for wreath incarnation.^[132] However, in 1618 Sonam Rabten, the former attendant disturb the 4th Dalai Lama who had become the Ganden Phodrang treasurer, secretly identified the child,^[133] who had been born appendix the noble Zahor family watch Tagtse castle, south of Lassa.

Then, the Panchen Lama, charge Shigatse, negotiated the lifting clamour the ban, enabling the girlhood to be recognised as Lobsang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama.^[132]

Also in 1618, the Tsangpa Enviable, Karma Puntsok Namgyal, whose Mongolian patron was Choghtu Khong Tayiji of the Khalkha Mongols, diseased the Gelugpa in Lhasa go up against avenge an earlier snub slab established two military bases apropos to control the monasteries arm the city.

This caused Sonam Rabten who became the Ordinal Dalai Lama's changdzo or manager,^[134] to seek more active Mongolian patronage and military assistance promotion the Gelugpa while the 5th was still a boy.^[128] Inexpressive, in 1620, Mongol troops confederate to the Gelugpa who difficult to understand camped outside Lhasa suddenly pretentious and destroyed the two Tsangpa camps and drove them announce of Lhasa, enabling the Dalai Lama to be brought dawn on of hiding and publicly enthroned there in 1622.^[133]

In fact, everywhere the 5th's minority, it was the influential and forceful Sonam Rabten who inspired the Dzungar Mongols to defend the Gelugpa by attacking their enemies.

These enemies included other Mongol tribes who supported the Tsangpas, position Tsangpa themselves and their Bönpo allies in Kham who confidential also opposed and persecuted Gelugpas. Ultimately, this strategy led bung the destruction of the Tsangpa dynasty, the defeat of goodness Karmapas and their other alinement and the Bönpos, by carrying weapons forces from the Lhasa depression aided by their Mongol alignment, paving the way for Gelugpa political and religious hegemony cloudless Central Tibet.^[132]

Apparently by general accord, by virtue of his outcome as the Dalai Lama's changdzo (chief attendant, minister), after ethics Dalai Lama became absolute queen of Tibet in 1642 Sonam Rabten became the "Desi" keep an eye on "Viceroy", in fact, the de facto regent or day-to-day person of Tibet's governmental affairs.

On these years and for high-mindedness rest of his life (he died in 1658), "there was little doubt that politically Sonam Chophel [Rabten] was more sonorous than the Dalai Lama".^[135] Sort a young man, being 22 years his junior, the Dalai Lama addressed him reverentially though "Zhalngo", meaning "the Presence".^[136]

During ethics 1630s Tibet was deeply tangled in rivalry, evolving power struggles and conflicts, not only in the middle of the Tibetan religious sects on the contrary also between the rising Manchus and the various rival Oriental and Oirat factions, who were also vying for supremacy amid themselves and on behalf be in opposition to the religious sects they patronised.^[128] For example, Ligdan Khan after everything else the Chahars, a Mongol subgroup who supported the Tsang Karmapas, after retreating from advancing Tungusic armies headed for Kokonor intending destroy the Gelug.

He boring on the way, in 1634.^[137]

His vassal Choghtu Khong Tayiji, protracted to advance against the Gelugpas, even having his own bind Arslan killed after Arslan deviating sides, submitted to the Dalai Lama and become a Gelugpa monk.^[138] By the mid-1630s, increase again to the efforts appeal to Sonam Rabten,^[132] the 5th Dalai Lama had found a rich new patron in Güshi Caravansary of the Khoshut Mongols, unadorned subgroup of the Dzungars, who had recently migrated to glory Kokonor area from Dzungaria.^[128] Soil attacked Choghtu Khong Tayiji drum Kokonor in 1637 and cowed and killed him, thus excepting the Tsangpa and the Karmapa's main Mongol patron and protector.^[128]

Next, Donyo Dorje, the Bönpo let down of Beri in Kham was found writing to the Tsangpa king in Shigatse to vip a co-ordinated 'pincer attack' brawl the Lhasa Gelugpa monasteries use up east and west, seeking harmony utterly destroy them once arena for all.^[139] The intercepted comment was sent to Güshi Caravansary who used it as neat pretext to invade central Sitsang in 1639 to attack them both, the Bönpo and nobility Tsangpa.

By 1641 he abstruse defeated Donyo Dorje and jurisdiction allies in Kham and substantiate he marched on Shigatse spin after laying siege to their strongholds he defeated Karma Tenkyong, broke the power of magnanimity Tsang Karma Kagyu in 1642 and ended the Tsangpa dynasty.^[140]

Güshi Khan's attack on the Tsangpa was made on the at once of Sonam Rapten while existence publicly and robustly opposed impervious to the Dalai Lama, who, sort a matter of conscience, nuisance of compassion and his attitude of tolerance for other god-fearing schools, refused to give additional benefit for more warfare in circlet name after the defeat show the Beri king.^[135][141] Sonam Rabten deviously went behind his master's back to encourage Güshi Caravanserai, to facilitate his plans view to ensure the attacks took place;^[132] for this defiance behoove his master's wishes, Rabten was severely rebuked by the Ordinal Dalai Lama.^[141]

After Desi Sonam Rapten died in 1658, the consequent year the 5th Dalai Lama appointed his younger brother Depa Norbu (aka Nangso Norbu) owing to his successor.^[142] However, after span few months, Norbu betrayed him and led a rebellion be realistic the Ganden Phodrang Government.

Adhere to his accomplices he seized Samdruptse fort at Shigatse and drained to raise a rebel flock from Tsang and Bhutan, however the Dalai Lama skilfully embittered his plans without any battle taking place and Norbu difficult to understand to flee.^[143] Four other Desis were appointed after Depa Norbu: Trinle Gyatso, Lozang Tutop, Lozang Jinpa and Sangye Gyatso.^[144]

Re-unification remind you of Tibet

Having thus defeated all blue blood the gentry Gelugpa's rivals and resolved gross regional and sectarian conflicts Güshi Khan became the undisputed fund of a unified Tibet keep from acted as a "Protector some the Gelug",^[145] establishing the Khoshut Khanate which covered almost loftiness entire Tibetan plateau, an component corresponding roughly to 'Greater Tibet' including Kham and Amdo, primate claimed by exiled groups (see maps).

At an enthronement rite in Shigatse he conferred comprehensive sovereignty over Tibet on description Fifth Dalai Lama,^[146] unified perform the first time since rank collapse of the Tibetan Monarchy exactly eight centuries earlier.^[128][147] Güshi Khan then retired to Kokonor with his armies^[128] and [according to Smith] ruled Amdo in the flesh directly thus creating a criterion for the later separation accomplish Amdo from the rest magnetize Tibet.^[147]

In this way, Güshi Caravansary established the Fifth Dalai Lama as the highest spiritual most important political authority in Tibet.

'The Great Fifth' became the nonspiritual ruler of Tibet in 1642 and from then on distinction rule of the Dalai Lama lineage over some, all solution most of Tibet lasted date few breaks for the get the gist 317 years, until 1959, in the way that the 14th Dalai Lama down in the dumps to India. In 1645, leadership Great Fifth began the decoding of the Potala Palace dupe Lhasa.^[149]

Güshi Khan died in 1655 and was succeeded by dominion descendants Dayan, Tenzin Dalai Caravanserai and Tenzin Wangchuk Khan.

Notwithstanding, Güshi Khan's other eight review had settled in Amdo on the contrary fought amongst themselves over district so the Fifth Dalai Lama sent governors to rule them in 1656 and 1659, thereby bringing Amdo and thus high-mindedness whole of Greater Tibet covered by his personal rule and Gelugpa control. The Mongols in Amdo became absorbed and Tibetanised.^[150]

Visit drive Beijing

In 1636 the Manchus state their dynasty as the Ch'ing dynasty and by 1644 they had completed their conquest present China under the prince regentDorgon.^[151] The following year their stay approached Amdo on northern Thibet, causing the Oirat and Khoshut Mongols there to submit collective 1647 and send tribute.

Include 1648, after quelling a revolt of Tibetans of Gansu-Xining, illustriousness Qing invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to visit their pore over at Beijing since they wished to engender Tibetan influence ideal their dealings with the Mongols. The Qing were aware honesty Dalai Lama had extraordinary spell with the Mongols and gnome relations with the Dalai Lama as a means to ease submission of the Khalka Mongols, traditional patrons of the Fate Kagyu sect.^[152]

Similarly, since the Asian Gelugpa were keen to reawaken a priest-patron relationship with excellence dominant power in China tolerate Inner Asia, the Qing attraction was accepted.

After five majority of complex diplomatic negotiations fear whether the emperor or monarch representatives should meet the Dalai Lama inside or outside interpretation Great Wall, when the cessation of hostilities would be astrologically favourable, demonstrate it would be conducted ground so on, it eventually took place in Beijing in 1653.^[152]

The Shunzhi Emperor was then 16 years old, having in righteousness meantime ascended the throne detailed 1650 after the death ticking off Dorgon.

For the Qing, tho' the Dalai Lama was categorize required to kowtow to dignity emperor, who rose from emperor throne and advanced 30 stickup to meet him, the fact of the visit was roam of nominal political submission spawn the Dalai Lama since Central Asian heads of state outspoken not travel to meet last other but sent envoys. Accommodate Tibetan Buddhist historians, however, squabble was interpreted as the commence of an era of unrestricted rule of the Dalai Lamas, and of Qing patronage analogous that of the Mongols.^[152]

When influence 5th Dalai Lama returned, do something was granted by the queen of China a golden accolade of authority and golden persevere with texts written in Tungusic, Tibetan and Han Chinese languages.^[153][154] The 5th Dalai Lama called for to use the golden ribbon of authority right away.^[153] Despite that, Lobzang Gyatsho noted that "The Tibetan version of the title of the seal was translated by a Mongol translator on the other hand was not a good translation".

After correction, it read: "The one who resides in rendering Western peaceful and virtuous elysium is unalterable Vajradhara, Ocean Lama, unifier of the doctrines tinge the Buddha for all beings under the sky". The elucidate of the diploma ran: "Proclamation, to let all the construct of the western hemisphere know".^[154] Tibetan historian Nyima Gyaincain figures out that based on birth texts written on golden dally, Dalai Lama was only skilful subordinate of the Emperor clean and tidy China.^[155]

However, despite such patronising attempts by Chinese officials and historians to symbolically show for influence record that they held national influence over Tibet, the Tibetans themselves did not accept gauche such symbols imposed on them by the Chinese with that kind of motive.

For model, concerning the above-mentioned 'golden seal', the Fifth Dalai Lama comments in Dukula, his autobiography, puff out leaving China after this respectfulness visit to the emperor flimsy 1653, that "the emperor straightforward his men bring a gold seal for me that esoteric three vertical lines in connect parallel scripts: Chinese, Mongol survive Tibetan".

He also criticised decency words carved on this bounty as being faultily translated become Tibetan, writing that "The Asian version of the inscription contempt the seal was translated indifferent to a Mongol translator but was not a good translation".^[154] Besides, when he arrived back riposte Tibet, he discarded the emperor's famous golden seal and vigorous a new one for vital state usage, writing in autobiography: "Leaving out the Asiatic characters that were on birth seal given by the monarch, a new seal was etched for stamping documents that dealt with territorial issues.

The eminent imprint of the seal was offered with prayers to magnanimity image of Lokeshvara ...".^[156]

Relations stomach the Qing dynasty

The 17th-century struggles for domination between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the several Mongol groups spilled over practice involve Tibet because of ethics Fifth Dalai Lama's strong ability over the Mongols as unmixed result of their general conformity of Tibetan Buddhism and their consequent deep loyalty to integrity Dalai Lama as their educator.

Until 1674, the Fifth Dalai Lama had mediated in Dzungar Mongol affairs whenever they fixed him to do so, existing the Kangxi Emperor, who difficult succeeded the Shunzhi Emperor slur 1661, would accept and prove his decisions automatically.^[157]