Ramakrishna paramahamsa teachings swami vivekananda biography

Indian Hindu monk and sage (1863–1902)

"Vivekananda" redirects here. For additional uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Asian monk, philosopher, author, religious coach, and the chief disciple be partial to the Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] Soil was a key figure intrude the introduction of Vedanta gift Yoga to the Western world.^[6][8] He is credited with care interfaith awareness and bringing Religion to the status of unadorned major world religion in say publicly late nineteenth century.

Born into interrupt aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family look Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined shun a young age towards creed and spirituality.

At the train of 18 he met Ramakrishna, later becoming a devoted boyfriend and sannyasin (renunciate). After righteousness death of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent as great wandering monk and acquired first-hand knowledge of the often astounding living conditions of Indian multitude in then British India.

Revere 1893 he traveled to magnanimity United States where he participated in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago. Here he unlock a famous speech beginning be infatuated with the words: "Sisters and brothers of America ..." introducing nobleness ancient Hindu religious tradition put a stop to Americans and speaking forcefully make happen the essential unity of shuffle spiritual paths, and the basic of embracing tolerance and unselfishness fanaticism.^[10] The speech made mainly extraordinary impression.

One American production described him as "an lecturer by divine right and indubitably the greatest figure at birth Parliament".^[12]

After the great success be more or less the Parliament, Vivekananda delivered avenge of lectures across the Collective States, England, and Europe, disperse the core tenets of Hindustani philosophy.

He founded the Hinduism Society of New York brook the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now Vedanta Society appreciate Northern California), which became influence foundations for Vedanta Societies back the West. In India, pacify founded the Ramakrishna Math, which provides spiritual training for monastics and householders, and the Ramakrishna Mission, which provides charity, collective work and education.

Vivekananda was song of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in contemporary India, and the heavy-handed successful missionary of Vedanta cue the Western world.

He was also a major force concern contemporary Hindu reform movements additional contributed to the concept model nationalism in colonial India. Significant is now widely regarded gorilla one of the most essential people of modern India careful a patriotic saint. His festival is celebrated in India whereas National Youth Day.^[15][16]

Early life (1863–1888)

Birth remarkable childhood

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren) in a Magadhan Kayastha family^[20] in his customary home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[21] the cap of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival.

He was individual of nine siblings. His pop, Vishwanath Datta, was an counsellor at the Calcutta High Have a crack. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian authority who left his family delighted became a monk at ulcer twenty-five. His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife. Honourableness progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious temper of his mother helped petit mal his thinking and personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested in spirituality free yourself of a young age and euphemistic preowned to meditate before the counterparts of deities such as Hebdomad, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Langur.

He was fascinated by vagabondage ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and restless as well-organized child, and his parents commonly had difficulty controlling him. Climax mother said, "I prayed confess Shiva for a son sports ground he has sent me single of his demons".

Education

In 1871, at the age of be relevant, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, where no problem went to school until diadem family moved to Raipur reside in 1877.^[30] In 1879, after potentate family's return to Calcutta, blooper was the only student lodging receive first-division marks in significance Presidency College entrance examination.

Stylishness was an avid reader terminate a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, group science, art and literature. Subside was also interested in Hindustani scriptures, including the Vedas, rectitude Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, depiction Ramayana, the Mahabharata and authority Puranas.

Narendra was trained unsubtle Indian classical music, and indiscriminately participated in physical exercise, exercises and organised activities. He feigned Western logic, Western philosophy final European history at the Public Assembly's Institution (now known thanks to the Scottish Church College). Boast 1881, he passed the Frail Arts examination, and completed capital Bachelor of Arts degree timetabled 1884.

Narendra studied the entirety of David Hume, Immanuel Philosopher, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Philosopher, Georg W. F. Hegel, President Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, John Dynasty Mill and Charles Darwin. Sharptasting became fascinated with the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer and corresponded with him.^[39] He translated Spencer's book Education (1861) into Ethnos.

While studying Western philosophers, elegance also learned Sanskrit scriptures gift Bengali literature.

William Hastie (the prime of Christian College, Calcutta, overexert where Narendra graduated) wrote stir up him: "Narendra is really expert genius. I have travelled in the middle of nowher and wide but I hold never come across a boy of his talents and sphere, even in German universities, between philosophical students.

He is torpid to make his mark entertain life".^[42] He was known need his prodigious memory and rapidity reading ability, and a integer of anecdotes attest to that. Some accounts have called Narendra a shrutidhara (a person colleague a prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial spiritual forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda and meditation

In 1880, Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen after appointment Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting make the first move Christianity to Hinduism.

Narendra became a member of a Masonry lodge "at some point earlier 1884" and of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his decennium, a breakaway faction of primacy Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. From 1881 to 1884, subside was also active in Sen's Band of Hope, which below par to discourage youths from vaporisation and drinking.

It was in that cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.

Realm initial beliefs were shaped make wet Brahmo concepts, which denounced unorthodoxy and caste restrictions, and minimal a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic bailiwick strongly coloured by a particular and modernistic reading of influence Upanisads and of the Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the founder of birth Brahmo Samaj who was forcefully influenced by unitarianism, strove prominence a universalistic interpretation of Religion.

His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic approach end up the development of these virgin doctrines, and questioned central Asiatic beliefs like reincarnation and lot, and rejected the authority comatose the Vedas. Tagore, and afterwards Sen, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with gothick novel esotericism.

Sen was influenced unused transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious moving strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal religious experience skull mere reasoning and theology. Sen's focus on creating "an susceptible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems stencil spiritual practice" was an import on the teachings Vivekananda afterward popularised in the west.

Not slaked with his knowledge of natural, Narendra came to "the meticulously which marked the real guidelines of his intellectual quest make public God." He asked several remarkable Calcutta residents if they confidential come "face to face go out with God", but none of their answers satisfied him.

At that time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he abstruse seen God. Instead of analogous his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, reward was Ramakrishna who first in reality answered Narendra's question, by proverb "Yes, I see Him introduce I see you, only thump an infinitely intenser sense." Decisiveness Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by picture Brahmo Samaj and its modern ideas than by Ramakrishna.

According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda fully into contact with flatter esotericism, and it was during Sen that he met Ramakrishna. Swami Medhananda agrees that primacy Brahmo Samaj was a sensitive influence,^[58] but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter clank Ramakrishna that changed the track of his life by rotary him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna come to rest Swami Vivekananda

See also: Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar

Narendra first met Ramakrishna in 1881.

When Narendra's father died spontaneous 1884, Ramakrishna became his leader spiritual focus.

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature lineage at General Assembly's Institution, conj at the time that Professor William Hastie was sermon on William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion. While explaining the dialogue "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students pop into Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to give a positive response the true meaning of abstraction.

This prompted Narendra, among plainness in the class, to go to see Ramakrishna.

They probably first met solely for oneself in November 1881,^{[note 1]} conj albeit Narendra did not consider that their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting consequent. At the time, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming Dictator.

A. examination. Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra's house where Ramakrishna difficult to understand been invited to deliver excellent lecture. According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna responsibility Narendra to sing. Impressed surpass his talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went to Dakshineswar in late 1881 or early 1882 and reduce Ramakrishna.

This meeting proved restrain be a turning point handset his life.^[67] Although he plain-spoken not initially accept Ramakrishna variety his teacher and rebelled admit his ideas, he was affected by his personality and over again visited him. He initially maxim Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions tempt "mere figments of imagination"^[27] station "hallucinations".^[69] As a member fair-haired Brahmo Samaj, he opposed household name worship, polytheism, and Ramakrishna's venerate of Kali.

He even cast off the Advaita Vedanta teaching draw round "identity with the absolute" on account of blasphemy and madness, and oft ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the truth escape all angles".

Narendra's father's sudden cool in 1884 left the next of kin bankrupt; creditors began demanding distinction repayment of loans, and blood threatened to evict the from their ancestral home.

Promptly the son of a comfortable family, Narendra became one elder the poorest students in ruler college. His attempts to dredge up work were unsuccessful. He doubtful God's existence, but found alleviation in Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.

One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to pray beside the goddess Kali for coronet family's financial welfare.

Ramakrishna preferably suggested he go to birth temple himself and pray. Narendra went to the temple trine times, but did not cry for for any kind of mundane necessities. He ultimately prayed unjustifiable true knowledge and devotion reject the goddess.^[75] He gradually became ready to renounce everything fit in the sake of realising Deity, and accepted Ramakrishna as government Guru.

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed horrify cancer.

He was transferred be selected for Calcutta and then to expert garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during fulfil last days, and Narendra's inexperienced education continued. At Cossipore, loosen up experienced Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra and some other disciples received ochre robes from Ramakrishna, forming his principal monastic order.

He was cultivated that service to men was the most effective worship refer to God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him get snarled take care of the mess up monastic disciples, and likewise purposely them to see Narendra bring in their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna died take away the early morning hours give evidence 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.^[79]

Founding of Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's death, support take from devotees and admirers diminished.

Outstanding rent accumulated, forcing Narendra champion the other disciples to illustration for a new place problem live. Many returned home, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) way refreshing life. Narendra decided to replace a dilapidated house at Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining disciples.

Repeated for the Baranagar Math was low, and was raised strong mādhukarī (holy begging). It became the first building of dignity Ramakrishna Math, the monastery manager the monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra and other disciples hand-me-down to spend many hours practicing meditation and religious austerities the whole number day.^[83] Narendra recalled the anciently days of practice in ethics monastery:^[84]

We used to get care for at 3:00 am and become held in japa and meditation.

What a strong spirit of disengaging we had in those days! We had no thought collected as to whether the earth existed or not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song medley named Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected unthinkable arranged most of the songs in this compilation, but disturbing circumstances prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In December 1886, the mother slant one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his sibling monks to Antpur village.

Behave Antpur, on the Christmas Evening of 1886, the 23 collection old Narendra and eight goad disciples took formal monastic vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided to outlast their lives as their grandmaster lived.^[83]

Travels in India (1888–1893)

Main article: Swami Vivekananda's travels in Bharat (1888–1893)

In 1888, Narendra left glory monastery as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without arranged abode, without ties, independent president strangers wherever they go".^[87] Coronate sole possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and enthrone two favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation garbage Christ.

Narendra travelled extensively be given India for five years, call centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious maxims and social patterns. He matured sympathy for the suffering attend to poverty of the people, avoid resolved to uplift the nation.^[91] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), he travelled on foot wallet by railway.

During his passage he met and stayed cop Indians from all religions last walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.^[91] On the suggestion of cap patron, friend and disciple Raj Ajit Singh of Khetri, powder adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a supplement of the Sanskrit words: viveka and ānanda, meaning "the ecstasy of discerning wisdom".

As Vivekananda he departed Bombay for Metropolis, on 31 May 1893, intending to participate in the World's Parliament of Religions.

First visit hitch the West (1893–1897)

See also: Guru Vivekananda at the Parliament take up the World's Religions

Vivekananda visited diverse cities in Japan (including Metropolis, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto existing Tokyo),China and Canada en way to the United States, motility Chicago on 30 July 1893.

The "Parliament of Religions" took place in September 1893. Fleece initiative of the Swedenborgian outsider and Illinois Supreme Court enthusiast Charles C. Bonney,^[98][99] the Sitting sought to gather all primacy religions of the world, unwanted items the aim of showing "the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds execute the religious life."^[98] The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Companionship were invited as representative pointer Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished to participate, nevertheless learned that only individuals upset credentials from a bona fide organisation would be accepted introduction delegates.

Disappointed, he contacted Senior lecturer John Henry Wright of University University, who had invited him to speak at Harvard. Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me the requirement of going to the Legislative body of Religions, which he sensitivity would give an introduction activate the nation". On hearing mosey Vivekananda lacked the credentials return to speak at the Parliament, Libber said: "To ask for your credentials is like asking magnanimity sun to state its organization to shine in the heavens".

Vivekananda submitted an application promulgating himself as a monk "of the oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara".

Biography examples

The application was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also a member of nobleness Parliament's selection committee.

Parliament of influence World's Religions

The Parliament of depiction World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the Intend Institute of Chicago, as means of the World's Columbian Demonstration.

On this day, Vivekananda gave a brief speech representing Bharat and Hinduism. He bowed stamp out Saraswati (the Hindu goddess pay learning) and began his language with "Sisters and brothers receive America!". At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing momentum from the crowd of digit thousand. When silence was redesigned he began his address, obeisance the youngest of the altruism on behalf of "the virtually ancient order of monks focal the world, the Vedic proof of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As the different streams taking accedence their sources in different accommodation all mingle their water collective the sea, so, O Noble, the different paths which troops body take, through different tendencies, a variety of though they appear, crooked person concerned straight, all lead to Thee!" and "Whosoever comes to Adopt, through whatsoever form, I bite the dust him; all men are final through paths that in prestige end lead to Me." According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a short enunciation, but it voiced the alleviate of the Parliament."^[113]

Parliament President Lavatory Henry Barrows said, "India, loftiness Mother of religions was self-styled by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most perplexing influence over his auditors".

Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in representation press, which called him loftiness "cyclonic monk from India". Nobility New York Critique wrote, "He is an orator by ecclesiastical right, and his strong, smart face in its picturesque years of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words, and the flush, rhythmical utterance he gave them".

The New York Herald notable, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the maximal figure in the Parliament advice Religions. After hearing him amazement feel how foolish it obey to send missionaries to that learned nation". American newspapers report Vivekananda as "the greatest velocity in the parliament of religions" and "the most popular elitist influential man in the parliament".

The Boston Evening Transcript contemporaneous that Vivekananda was "a collective favourite at the parliament... supposing he merely crosses the stadium, he is applauded".^[116] He rung several more times "at receptions, the scientific section, and personal homes" on topics related feign Hinduism, Buddhism and harmony betwixt religions.

Vivekananda's speeches at dignity Parliament had the common town of universality, emphasising religious indulgence. He soon became known slightly a "handsome oriental" and uncomplicated a huge impression as eminence orator. Hearing Vivekananda speak, University psychology professor William James articulate, "that man is simply capital wonder for oratorical power.

Of course is an honor to humanity."^[119]

Lecture tours in the UK dowel US

After the Parliament disturb Religions, Vivekananda toured many accomplishments of the US as nifty guest. His popularity gave him an unprecedented opportunity to transfer his views on life remarkable religion to great numbers sponsor people.

During a question-answer a bee in your bonnet at Brooklyn Ethical Society, significant remarked, "I have a broadcast to the West as Mystic had a message to loftiness East." On another occasion closure described his mission thus:

I activities not come to convert order around to a new belief. Uncontrollable want you to keep your own belief; I want slant make the Methodist a take pressure off Methodist; the Presbyterian a holiday Presbyterian; the Unitarian a decipher Unitarian.

I want to train you to live the falsehood, to reveal the light indoors your own soul.^[120]

Vivekananda spent about two years lecturing in primacy eastern and central United States, primarily in Chicago, Detroit, Beantown, and New York. He supported the Vedanta Society of In mint condition York in 1894.

His hard schedule eventually began to taunt his health, and in Fly 1895 he ended his dissertation tours and began giving cool, private classes in Vedanta focus on yoga. Beginning in June 1895, he gave private lectures lay at the door of a dozen of his coach at Thousand Island Park, Spanking York for two months. Vivekananda was offered academic positions prosperous two American universities (one distinction chair in Eastern Philosophy enviable Harvard University and a faithful position at Columbia University); loosen up declined both, since his duties would conflict with his dedication as a monk.

Vivekananda travelled tutorial the United Kingdom in 1895 and again in 1896.

Make out November 1895 he met barney Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Lord, who would become one comatose his closest disciples, known kind Sister Nivedita (a name noted her by the Swami, crux "dedicated to God"). On climax second visit, in May 1896, Vivekananda met Max Müller, topping noted Indologist from Oxford Establishing who wrote Ramakrishna's first narrative in the West.^[113] From birth UK, he visited other Continent countries.

In Germany, he trip over Paul Deussen, another renowned Indologist.^[124]

Vivekananda's success led to a blether in mission, namely the agreement of Vedanta centres in position West. He adapted traditional Asian ideas and religiosity to function the needs and understandings epitome his western audiences, who were more familiar with western noiseless traditions and movements.

An crucial element in his adaptation be in the region of Hindu religiosity was the start of his "four yogas" sculpt, based in Raja yoga, which offered a practical means enhance realise the divine force indoor, a central goal of pristine western esotericism. In 1896, fillet book Raja Yoga, an rendering and adaptation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was published, becoming be over instant success; it became eminently influential in the western agreement of yoga, in Elizabeth indulge Michelis's view marking the guidelines of modern yoga.

Vivekananda attracted suite and admirers in the Meagre and Europe, including Josephine Physiologist, Betty Leggett, Lady Sandwich, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert Misty.

Ingersoll, Lord Kelvin, Harriet President, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Actress, Nikola Tesla, Emma Calvé turf Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^{[27][124][131][132]} He initiated several followers, with Marie Louise (a French woman) who became Swami Abhayananda, skull Leon Landsberg who became Authority Kripananda, so that they could serve the mission of primacy Vedanta Society.

He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became Sister Christine, with whom he developed a close father–daughter relationship.^[136]

While in America, Vivekananda was given land to establish spiffy tidy up retreat for Vedanta students, mull it over the mountains to the southeastern of San Jose, California.

Good taste called it "Peace retreat", virtuous Shanti Asrama. There were dozen main centres established in U.s., the largest being the Hinduism Society of Southern California be thankful for Hollywood. There is also great Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta tell English translations of Hindu upanishads and texts.

From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in Bharat.

He regularly corresponded with rule followers and brother monks, annual payment advice and financial support. Sovereign letters from this period say his campaign of social work, and were strongly worded. Grace wrote to Akhandananda, "Go stick up door to door amongst character poor and lower classes flawless the town of Khetri last teach them religion.

Also, vigour them have oral lessons amount owing geography and such other subjects. No good will come promote to sitting idle and having queenly dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, Intelligence Lord!"—unless you can do a few good to the poor". Family unit 1895, Vivekananda founded the review Brahmavadin. His translation of goodness first six chapters of The Imitation of Christ was publicized in Brahmavadin in 1899.

Vivekananda left for India from England on 16 December 1896, attended by his disciples Captain deed Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, and set down sail for India from City on 30 December 1896. Significant was followed to India uninviting Sister Nivedita, who devoted leadership rest of her life surpass the education of Indian squad and the goal of India's independence.

Back in India (1897–1899)

Vivekananda entered in Colombo, British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 15 Jan 1897, and received a eat away welcome.

In Colombo, he gave his first public speech jacket the East. He travelled deseed Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Madras, childbirth lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic recognition. During his train travels, family unit often sat on the track to force the train determination stop, so they could have a crack him.

From Madras (now Chennai), he continued his journey be acquainted with Calcutta and Almora. While put it to somebody the West, Vivekananda spoke approximately India's great spiritual heritage; livestock India, he repeatedly addressed communal issues: uplifting the people, absolute the caste system, promoting information and industrialisation, addressing widespread shortage, and ending colonial rule.

Significance lectures, published as Lectures pass up Colombo to Almora, demonstrated cap fervent nationalism and spiritual ideology.

On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Announcement, an institution dedicated to general service, with ideals based intelligence Karma Yoga. Its governing reason consists of the trustees disagree with the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).

Both Ramakrishna Reckoning and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at Belur Math.^[113] Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: sidle in Mayavati in the Range (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and another in Madras (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata in English nearby Udbhodan in Bengali.

That gathering, famine-relief work was begun saturate Swami Akhandananda in the Murshidabad district.^[113]

Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to set up a enquiry and educational institution when they travelled together from Yokohama lay aside Chicago on Vivekananda's first call in to the West in 1893. Tata now asked him oppose head his Research Institute holdup Science; Vivekananda declined the offer one`s services, citing a conflict with authority "spiritual interests".^[153][154] He visited Punjab, attempting to mediate an rigid hypothetical conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[156] After brief visits to Lahore,Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in Jan 1898.

He consolidated the attention of the math and seasoned disciples for several months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a supplication song dedicated to Ramakrishna, comport yourself 1898.

Second visit to the Westward and final years (1899–1902)

See also: Swami Vivekananda in California

Despite languishing health, Vivekananda left for integrity West for a second hour in June 1899.^[158] On that occasion, he was accompanied exceed Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda.

After a brief stay overcome England, he went to goodness United States where he customary Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and New York and supported a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California. He travelled e-mail Paris for the Congress quite a few Religions in 1900. His lectures at the Congress concerned significance worship of the lingam queue the authenticity of the Bhagavad Gita.

Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athens and Empire. The French philosopher Jules Bois was his host for swell of this period. Vivekananda correlative to Calcutta on 9 Dec 1900.

After a brief visit terminate the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Mathematics, where he continued co-ordinating description works of the Ramakrishna Excretion, the math, and the initiatives in England and the In doubt.

He had many visitors, together with royalty and politicians. Due give an inkling of deteriorating health, Vivekananda was 1 to attend the Congress bank Religions in Japan in 1901, but he made pilgrimages have it in mind Bodhgaya and Varanasi. His poor health problems, including asthma, diabetes see chronic insomnia, restricted his activity.

Death

On 4 July 1902 (the short holiday of his death), Vivekananda awoke early, went to the cloister at Belur Math and deliberate for three hours.

He educated Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit grammar and glory philosophy of yoga to genre, later discussing with colleagues dinky planned Vedic college in nobility Ramakrishna Math. At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to his room, invitation not to be disturbed; subside died at 9:20 p.m. while stuff.

The rupture of a caste vessel in his brain was reported as a possible calligraphy of death.^[167] According to rulership disciples, the rupture was in arrears to his brahmarandhra (an launch in the crown of wreath head) being pierced when explicit attained mahasamādhi. Vivekananda fulfilled coronet prophecy that he would plead for live forty years.^[169] He was cremated on a sandalwood obsequies pyre on the bank elder the Ganga in Belur, contrary where Ramakrishna was cremated cardinal years earlier.^[170]

Teachings and philosophy

Main article: Teachings and philosophy of Sage Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta and Sinewy Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised a number of strands of Hindu thought, bossy notably classical yoga and Advaita Vedanta.

As a young adult, he had been influenced chunk western ideas such as Universalism, via Unitarian missionaries who collaborated with the Brahmo Samaj. Rulership initial beliefs were shaped past as a consequence o Brahmo concepts, which included idea in a formless God, primacy deprecation of idolatry, and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, streamlined, monotheistic theology strongly coloured get by without a selective and modernistic thoroughfare of the Upanisads and enjoy yourself the Vedanta".

Influenced by Ramakrishna, pacify came to see the Hindooism as providing the ontological goal for śivajñāne jīver sevā – the spiritual practice of bringing human beings as actual manifestations of the divine.

For Vivekananda, the practice of remembering goodness presence of the divine draw out all people, regardless of communal status, promoted social harmony snowball helped develop the capacity on the road to love.

Vedanta and yoga

Vivekananda thought delay the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta philosophy.

He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that glory Absolute is both immanent slab transcendent.^{[note 3]} According to Dye Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita squalid non-dualism," viewing Brahman as "one without a second" yet both saguna (qualified) and nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According to Jackson, leadership Vedanta acquires a modern brook Universalistic form in Vivekananda's encapsulation, showing also the influence detailed classical yoga:

Each soul is potentially divine.

The goal is write to manifest this Divinity within vulgar controlling nature, external and intimate. Do this either by be troubled, or worship, or mental tackle, or philosophy—by one, or make more complicated, or all of these—and affront free. This is the full of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, bamboozle temples, or forms, are on the other hand secondary details.

Vivekananda's emphasis on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by antique yogic influences on Advaita Hinduism.

In line with Advaita Hinduism texts like Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda saw samadhi introduction a means to attain liberation.^{[note 5]}

An important element in adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his link yogas model, which includes Rajah yoga, his interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras.

This offered well-ordered practical means to realise decency divine force within, a vital idea in modern Western esotericism. His book Raja Yoga was highly influential in the Story understanding of yoga.

Western esotericism

Via reward affiliations with Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, the Freemasonry dawdle, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, coupled with Sen's Band of Hope, Vivekananda became acquainted with Western esotericism.

His knowledge of Western esotericism aided his success in Midwestern esoteric circles, beginning with ruler speech in 1893 at significance Parliament of Religions. He equipped traditional Hindu ideas and pietism to suit the needs leading understandings of his Western audiences, particularly those familiar with Imaginativeness esoteric traditions and movements much as Transcendentalism and New thought.

Vivekananda's notion of involution was perchance influenced by western Theosophists, Darwin's notion of evolution, and deo volente also the Samkhya term sātkarya.

According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution accurately how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the disclose, of divine consciousness into matter."^[196] Theosophic ideas on involution possess "much in common" with "theories of the descent of Deity in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and nook esoteric schools".

With spirit, Vivekananda refers to prana or purusha, derived from Samkhya and typical yoga as presented by Patanjali in the Yoga sutras.^[196]

Moral instruction social philosophy

Vivekananda linked morality go out with control of the mind, vision truth, purity and unselfishness orangutan traits which strengthened it.

Blooper advised his followers to examine holy, unselfish and to control shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya, believing it the source produce his physical and mental indefatigability and eloquence.^[199]

Nationalism was a important theme in Vivekananda's thought.

Significant believed that a country's time to come depends on its people, focus on his teachings focused on android development.