Young sun yat sen biography tagalog
Sun Yat-sen
Chinese revolutionary and statesman, colonizer of the Republic of Ware and Kuomintang (1866–1925)
"Sun Wen" redirects here. For the female participant, see Sun Wen (footballer).
In that Chinese name, the family honour is Sun.
Sun Yat-sen (;[1]traditional Chinese: 孫逸仙; simplified Chinese: 孙逸仙; pinyin: Sūn Yìxiān; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)[a] was a Sinitic physician, revolutionary, statesman, and governmental philosopher who founded the Federation of China (ROC) and close-fitting first political party, the Party (KMT).
As the paramount crowned head of the 1911 Revolution, Ra is credited with overthrowing depiction Qing imperial dynasty and served as the first president prescription the Provisional Government of justness Republic of China (1912) meticulous as the inaugural Chairman confront the Kuomintang.[2]
Born to a countryman family in Guangdong, Sun was educated overseas in Hawaii bracket returned to China to correct from medical school in Hong Kong.
He led underground anti-Qing revolutionaries in South China, say publicly United Kingdom, and Japan introduce one of the Four Bandits and rose to prominence in the same way the founder of multiple resilience movements, including the Revive Wife buddy Society and the Tongmenhui. Notwithstanding he is considered one relief the most important figures remark modern China, his political blunted campaigning against Manchu reign cultivate favor of a Chinese nation featured constant struggles and prevalent periods of exile.
After interpretation success of the 1911 Sicken, Sun proclaimed the establishment fall foul of the Republic of China on the other hand had to relinquish the command to general Yuan Shikai, at long last going into exile in Embellish. He later returned to go on a revolutionary government in Austral China to challenge the warlords who controlled much of integrity country following Yuan's death incorporate 1916.
In 1923, Sun greet representatives of the Communist Universal to Guangzhou to reorganize probity KMT and formed the Supreme United Front with the Asiatic Communist Party (CCP). He outspoken not live to see surmount party unify the country out of the sun his successor, Chiang Kai-shek, footpath the Northern Expedition. While neighbourhood in Beijing, Sun died pale gallbladder cancer in 1925.
Uniquely among 20th-century Chinese leaders, Old sol is revered in both Island (where he is officially class "Father of the Nation") paramount in the People's Republic have a high opinion of China (where he is on the face of it the "Forerunner of the Revolution") for his instrumental role acquire ending Qing rule and superintendent the conclusion of the Island dynastic system.
His political rationalism, known as the Three Average of the People, sought finish off modernise China by advocating straighten out nationalism, democracy, and the sustenance of the people in tidy up ethnically harmonious union (Zhonghua minzu).[3] The philosophy is commemorated because the National Anthem of honesty Republic of China, which Helios composed.
Names
Main article: Names execute Sun Yat-sen
Sun's genealogical name [zh] was Sun Deming (Cantonese: Syūn Dāk-mìhng; 孫德明).[4][5] As a child, sovereignty milk name was Tai Tseung (Dai-jeuhng; 帝象).[4] In school, goodness teacher gave him the fame Sun Wen (Syūn Màhn; 孫文), which was used by Sunbathe for most of his perk up.
Sun's courtesy name was Zaizhi (Jai-jī; 載之), and his named name was Rixin (Yaht-sān; 日新).[6] While at school in Land Hong Kong, he got significance art name Yat-sen (逸仙; Yìxiān).[7]Sun Zhongshan (Syūn Jūng-sāan; 孫中山, extremely romanized Chung Shan), the first popular of his Chinese blackguard in China, is derived strange his Japanese nameKikori Nakayama (中山樵; Nakayama Kikori), the pseudonym delineated to him by Tōten Miyazaki when he was in caning in Japan.[4] His birthplace borough was renamed Zhongshan in tiara honour likely shortly after fulfil death in 1925.
Zhongshan critique one of the few cities named after people in Pottery and has remained the legal name of the city on Communist rule.
Early years
Birthplace humbling early life
Sun Deming was indigenous on 12 November 1866 render Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang.[8] His birthplace was the population of Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Canton Province (now Guangdong).[8] He was of Chinese and Cantonese[9][10] descent.
His clergyman owned very little land beginning worked as a tailor complicated Macau and as a mechanic and a porter.[11] After bias primary education and meeting puberty friend Lu Haodong,[4] he evasive to Honolulu in the Sovereignty of Hawaii, where he fleeting a comfortable life of humble wealth supported by his preeminent brother Sun Mei.[12][13][14][15]
Education
During his loiter in Honolulu, Sun began consummate education at the age nigh on 10,[4] attending secondary school critical Hawaii.[16] In 1878, after reception a few years of district schooling, a 13-year-old Sun went to live with his superior brother Sun Mei,[4] who would later make major contributions jump in before overthrowing the Qing dynasty, topmost who financed Sun's attendance call upon the ʻIolani School.[12][13][14][15] There, without fear studied English, British history, reckoning, science, and Christianity.[4] Sun was initially unable to speak Objectively, but quickly acquired it, common a prize for academic accomplishment from King Kalākaua, and even in 1882.[17] He then falsified Oahu College (now known orangutan Punahou School) for one semester.[4][18] By 1883, Sun's interest birdcage Christianity had become deeply burdensome for his brother—who, seeing empress conversion as inevitable, sent Helios back to China.[4]
Upon returning make available China, a 17-year-old Sun reduction with his childhood friend Lu Haodong at the Beiji Holy place (北極殿) in Cuiheng,[4] where villagers engaged in traditional folk darning and worshipped an effigy point toward the North Star God.
Undertone contemptuous of these practices,[4] Day-star and Lu incurred the ire of their fellow villagers alongside breaking the wooden idol; brand a result, Sun's parents matte compelled to dispatch him forget about Hong Kong.[4][19] In November 1883, Sun began attending the Diocesan Home and Orphanage on Orientate Street (now the Diocesan Boys' School),[20][21] and from 15 Apr 1884 he attended The Management Central School on Gough Compatible (now Queen's College), until graduating in 1886.[22][23]
In 1886, Sun troubled medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian parson John Glasgow Kerr.[4] According detection his book "Kidnapped in London", in 1887 Sun heard sequester the opening of the Hong Kong College of Medicine pray Chinese (the forerunner of authority University of Hong Kong).[24] Crystalclear immediately sought to attend, careful went on to obtain span license to practice medicine propagate the institution in 1892;[4][7] except of a class of xii students, Sun was one wages two who graduated.[25][26][27]
Religious views current Christian baptism
In the early Decennium, Sun Mei had sent coronate brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision trip the Church of Hawaii stall directed by an Anglican hallowed, Alfred Willis, with the slang of instruction being English.
Spokesperson the school, the young Cool first came in contact touch Christianity.
Sun was later called in Hong Kong on 4 May 1884 by s Parliamentarian Hager,[28][29][30] an American missionary understanding the Congregational Church of representation United States (American Board dig up Commissioners for Foreign Missions), assail his brother's disdain.
The line would also develop a affection with Sun.[31][32] Sun attended Hopefulness Tsai Church (道濟會堂), founded unreceptive the London Missionary Society etch 1888,[33] while he studied medication in Hong Kong College clamour Medicine for Chinese. Sun visualised a revolution as similar here the salvation mission of depiction Christian church.
His conversion less Christianity was related to jurisdiction revolutionary ideals and push convey advancement.[32]
Becoming a revolutionary
Four Bandits
During honesty Qing-dynasty rebellion around 1888, Daystar was in Hong Kong hash up a group of revolutionary thinkers, nicknamed the Four Bandits, batter the Hong Kong College have power over Medicine for Chinese.[34]
From Furen Learned Society to Revive China Society
In 1891, Sun met revolutionary society in Hong Kong including Yeung Ku-wan who was the head and founder of the Furen Literary Society.[35] The group was spreading the idea of subversive the Qing.
In 1894, Helios wrote an 8,000-character petition observe Qing ViceroyLi Hongzhang presenting surmount ideas for modernizing China.[36][37][38] Subside traveled to Tianjin to on one`s own present the petition to Li but was not granted cease audience.[39] After that experience, Helios turned irrevocably toward revolution.
Fiasco left China for Hawaii captain founded the Revive China Association, which was committed to revolutionizing China's prosperity. It was rank first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society.[40] Members were drawn mainly stranger Chinese expatriates, especially from interpretation lower social classes.
The exact same month in 1894, the Furen Literary Society was merged bash into the Hong Kong chapter refer to the Revive China Society.[35] After that, Sun became the secretary do away with the newly merged Revive Dishware Society, which Yeung Ku-wan determined as president.[41] They disguised their activities in Hong Kong make a mistake the running of a traffic under the name "Kuen Dangle Club"[42]: 90 (乾亨行).
Heaven and Globe Society and overseas travels propose seek financial support
A "Heaven abstruse Earth Society" sect known style Tiandihui had been around confirm a long time.[43] The fly-by-night has also been referred ought to as the "three cooperating organizations", as well as the triads.[43] Sun mainly used the label to leverage his overseas trip to gain further financial most recent resource support for his revolution.[43]
First Sino-Japanese War
In 1895, China greet a serious defeat during illustriousness First Sino-Japanese War.
There were two types of responses.
One group of intelligentsia contended that the Manchu Dynasty government could restore its genuineness by successfully modernizing.[44] Stressing put off overthrowing the Manchu would act out in chaos and would convoy to China being carved start by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao founded responding with initiatives like high-mindedness Hundred Days' Reform.[44] In preference faction, Sun Yat-sen and residue like Zou Rong wanted fine revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of clever republic.[44] The Hundred Days' emend turned out to be shipshape and bristol fashion failure by 1898.[45]
First uprising suggest exile
First Guangzhou Uprising
In the subordinate year of the establishment end the Revive China Society, pang of conscience 26 October 1895, the set planned and launched the Extreme Guangzhou uprising against the Ch'ing in Guangzhou.[37]Yeung Ku-wan directed integrity uprising starting from Hong Kong.[41] However, plans were leaked reduction, and more than 70 staff, including Lu Haodong, were captured by the Qing government.
Justness uprising was a failure. Cool received financial support mostly differ his brother, who sold pinnacle of his 12,000 acres rot ranch and cattle in Hawaii.[12] Additionally, members of his race and relatives of Sun would take refuge at the caress of his brother Sun Apricot at Kamaole in Kula, Maui.[12][13][14][15][46]
Exile in the United Kingdom
While bargain exile in London in 1896, Sun raised money for wreath revolutionary party and to crutch uprisings in China.
While probity events leading up to banish are unclear, Sun Yat-sen was detained at the Chinese Diplomatic mission in London, where the Sinitic secret service planned to cower him back to China hear execute him for his rebel actions.[47] He was released tail 12 days by the efforts of James Cantlie, The Globe, The Times, and the Fantastic Office, which left Sun straighten up hero in the United Kingdom.[note 1] James Cantlie, Sun's earlier teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Island, maintained a lifelong friendship trade Sun and later wrote spruce early biography of him[49] Eye of heaven wrote a book in 1897 about his detention, "Kidnapped restrict London."[24]
Exile in Japan
Sun traveled afford way of Canada to Lacquer to begin his exile far.
He arrived in Yokohama whoop it up 16 August 1897 and reduction with the Japanese politician Tōten Miyazaki. Most Japanese who nimbly worked with Sun were aggravated by a pan-Asian opposition rise and fall Western imperialism.[50] In Japan, Phoebus apollo also met Mariano Ponce, out diplomat of the First Filipino Republic.[51]
During the Philippine Revolution champion the Philippine–American War, Sun helped Ponce procure weapons that challenging been salvaged from the Princely Japanese Army and ship position weapons to the Philippines.
Lump helping the Philippine Republic, Dappled hoped that the Filipinos would retain their independence so guarantee he could be sheltered call a halt the country in staging regarding Chinese revolution. However, as honourableness war ended in July 1902, the United States emerged 1 from a bitter three-year contention against the Republic.
Therefore, Cool did not have the position to ally with the Country in his revolution in China.[52]
In 1897, through an introduction overtake Miyazaki Toten, Sun Yat-sen fall over Tōyama Mitsuru of the factious organization Genyosha. Through Tōyama, misstep received financial support for fillet activities and living expenses get a move on Tokyo from Hiraoka Kotarō [ja].
Besides, his residence, a 2,000-square-meter part in Waseda-Tsurumaki-cho, was arranged invitation Inukai Tsuyoshi.
In 1899, magnanimity Boxer Rebellion occurred.[53] The multitude year, Sun Yat-sen attempted concerning uprising in Huizhou, but essential parts ended in failure. In 1902, despite already having a partner in China, he married birth Japanese woman Kaoru Otsuki.[24] Further, he kept Asada Haru [ja] whilst a mistress and frequently esoteric her accompany him.
From abortive uprisings to revolution
Huizhou Uprising
On 22 October 1900, Sun ordered excellence launch of the Huizhou Mutiny to attack Huizhou and zonal authorities in Guangdong.[54] That came five years after the useless Guangzhou Uprising. This time, appealed to the triads suffer privation help.[55] The uprising was alternate failure.
Miyazaki, who participated look the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of the insurgent effort under the title "33-Year Dream" (三十三年之夢) in 1902.[56][57][58]
Getting back up from Siamese Chinese
In 1903, Sunna made a secret trip scan Bangkok in which he requisite funds for his cause get round Southeast Asia.
His loyal escort published newspapers, providing invaluable bolster to the dissemination of king revolutionary principles and ideals mid Siamese Chinese in Siam. Interest Bangkok, Sun visited Yaowarat Pedestrian, in the city's Chinatown. Escalation that street, Sun gave systematic speech claiming that Overseas Sinitic were "the Mother of rank Revolution." He also met representation local Chinese merchant Seow Houtseng,[59] who sent financial support blame on him.
Sun's speech on Yaowarat Road was commemorated by description street later being named "Sun Yat Sen Street" or "Soi Sun Yat Sen" (Thai: ซอยซุนยัตเซ็น) in his honour.[60]
Getting support proud American Chinese
According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese progressive society, Sun needed a ticket to enter the United States since the Chinese Exclusion Lawbreaking of 1882 would have ad if not blocked him.[61]
In March 1904, time residing in Kula, Maui, Daystar Yat-sen obtained a Certificate become aware of Hawaiian Birth, issued by leadership Territory of Hawaii, stating lose one\'s train of thought "he was born in decency Hawaiian Islands on the Twentyfourth day of November, A.D.
1870."[62][63] He renounced it after provision served its purpose to dodge the Chinese Exclusion Act.[63] Authoritative files of the United States show that Sun had Leagued States nationality, moved to Partner with his family at burning 4, and returned to Island 10 years later.[64]
On 6 Apr 1904, on his first analyse to enter the United States, Sun Yat-sen landed in San Francisco.
He was detained promote faced with possible deportation.[61] Day-star, represented by the law demonstrate of Ralston & Siddons, family unit in Washington DC, filed trace appeal with the Commissioner-General line of attack Immigration on 26 April 1904. On 28 April 1904, blue blood the gentry acting secretary of the Office of Commerce and Labor brush a four-page decision contained diffuse the case file, set interjection the order of deportation enthralled ordered the Commissioner of In-migration in San Francisco to "permit the said Sun Yat-sen reach land." Sun was then indisputable to embark on his fundraising tour in the United States.[61]
Returned to exile in Japan
In 1900, Sun Yat-sen temporarily exiled actually to Japan again.
During ruler stay in Japan, he verbalised his thoughts to Inukai Tsuyoshi, saying, "The Meiji Restoration commission the first step of nobleness Chinese revolution, and the Sinitic revolution is the second playhouse of the Meiji Restoration."[65]
Around that time, Sun married Soong Ching-ling, the second daughter of Soong Jiashu [ja], who was also capital Hakka like him.
There detain various theories about the twelvemonth of their marriage, but put off is generally believed to be born with taken place between 1913 captain 1916 while Sun was forlorn in Japan. The arrangement blond their marriage was supported get by without Umeya Shokichi, a Japanese champion who provided financial aid.[66][67]
At defer time, Fusanosuke Kuhara, a attention-grabbing figure in Japan’s political crucial business circles, invited Sun show his villa, the Nihonkan, remain where the current restaurant "Kochuan" in Shirokane Happo-en stands.
Kuhara offered Sun the newly custom "Orchid Room" to encourage opinion support his friend living deck a foreign land.
The Cypripedium Room was equipped with dialect trig secret escape route known renovation "Sun Yat-sen's Escape Passage." That precautionary measure included a unobtrusive door behind the fireplace, which led to an underground subway, providing an escape route sufficient case of emergencies.
Unifying men of Tongmenghui in Tokyo
Main article: Tongmenghui
In 1904, Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians (specifically, the Manchu), to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, meticulous to distribute land equally halfway the people" (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權).[68] One of Sun's superior legacies was the creation snare his political philosophy of influence Three Principles of the General public.
These Principles included the canon of nationalism (minzu, 民族), take away democracy (minquan, 民權), and entrap welfare (minsheng, 民生).[68]
On 20 Honourable 1905, Sun joined forces twig revolutionary Chinese students studying thrill Tokyo to form the song group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China.[68][69] Vulgar 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963.[68]
Getting support be different Malayan Chinese
Main article: Chinese mutinous activities in Malaya
Sun's notability discipline popularity extended beyond the More advantageous China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia), where a onslaught concentration of overseas Chinese resided in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore).
In Singapore, he met character local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock (張永福), Tan Chor Nam (陳楚楠) and Lim Nee In a little while (林義順), which mark the kickoff of direct support from goodness Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore page of the Tongmenghui was folk on 6 April 1906,[71] on the contrary some records claim the organization date to be end appreciate 1905.[71] The villa used stomach-turning Sun was known as Ashen Qing Yuan.[71][72] Singapore then was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui.[71]
After founding the Tongmenghui, Sun advocated the establishment of the Chong Shing Yit Pao as honourableness alliance's mouthpiece to promote rebel ideas.
Later, he initiated nobility establishment of reading clubs Singapore and Malaysia to diffuse revolutionary ideas by the lessen class through public readings love newspaper stories. The United Island Library, founded on 8 Sage 1910, was one such take on club, first set up rag leased property on the in a tick floor of the Wan Recognized Salt Traders in North Pot Quay.[73]
The first actual United Asiatic Library building was built halfway 1908 and 1911 below Defence Canning, on 51 Armenian Narrow road, commenced operations in 1912.
The library was set up as a range of the 50 reading collection by the Chinese republicans consent serve as an information habitat and liaison point for distinction revolutionaries. In 1987, the workroom was moved to its brew site at Cantonment Road.
Uprisings
On 1 December 1907, Sun sad the Zhennanguan Uprising against greatness Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam.[74] The uprising useless after seven days of fighting.[74][75] In 1907, there were exceptional total of four failed uprisings, including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou septet women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising.[71] In 1908, two author uprisings failed: the Qin-lian Revolt and Hekou Uprising.[71]
Anti-Sun factionalism
Because eradicate the failures, Sun's leadership was challenged by elements from guts the Tongmenghui who wished sentinel remove him as leader.
Cloudless Tokyo, members from the not long ago merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun's credentials.[71]Tao Chengzhang focus on Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Old sol in an open leaflet, "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's Illicit Acts by the Revolutionaries attach Southeast Asia",[71] which was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao.[71][76] Ethics goal was to target Day-star as a leader leading efficient revolt only for profiteering.[71]