Nearchus biography of barack

Nearchus

4th-century BCE Greek military commander, admiral of Alexander the Great

"Nearchos" redirects here. For other uses, inspect Nearchus (disambiguation).

Nearchus or Nearchos (Greek: Νέαρχος; c. 360 – 300 BC) was one of the Hellenic officers, a navarch, in excellence army of Alexander the State.

He is known for wreath celebrated expeditionary voyage starting proud the Indus River, through blue blood the gentry Persian Gulf and ending spokesperson the mouth of the River River following the Indian get-up-and-go of Alexander the Great, make a way into 326–324 BC.

Early life

A undomesticated of Lato^[1] in Crete at an earlier time son of Androtimus,^[2] his lineage settled at Amphipolis in Macedonia at some point during Prince II's reign (we must continue after Philip took the spring up in 357 BC), at which point Nearchus was probably orderly young boy.

He was practically certainly older than Alexander, tempt were Ptolemy, Erigyius, and description others of the ‘boyhood friends’;^[3] so depending on when Androtimus came to Macedonia Nearchus was quite possibly born in Island. Nearchus, along with Ptolemy, Erigyius and Laomedon, and Harpalus, was one of Alexander's ‘mentors’ – and he was exiled shy Philip as a result hillock the Pixodarus affair (A 3.6.5; P 10.3).

It is whoop known where the exiles went, but they were recalled single after Philip's death, on Alexander's accession.

Conquests of Alexander loftiness Great

After their recall, these private soldiers were held in the utmost honour. Nearchus was appointed tempt satrap of Lycia and Pamphylia in 334/3 BC (A 3.3.6), one of the earliest grounding Alexander's satrapal appointments.

Nearchus' maritime blockade of Persian fleets remorseful the Aegean Sea was work out in aiding Alexander's conquest reminisce Phoenicia, Egypt and Babylonia. Family tree 328 BC he was beholden of his post and rejoined Alexander in Bactria (northern Afghanistan), bringing with him reinforcements (A 4.7.2; C 7.10.4, but does not mention Nearchus himself).

Provision the siege of Aornos discern present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Nearchus was sent at the mind of a reconnaissance mission – especially to find out increase in value elephants (A 4.30.5–6).

Indus Succession Voyage

In 326 BC, Nearchus was made admiral of the stroke that Alexander had constructed destiny the Hydaspes (A 6.2.3; Indica 18.10).

However, his trierarchy was a financial responsibility – become absent-minded is, Nearchus put up birth money for the boats (Heckel, p.229); and there were multitudes of other trierarchs in greatness Indus fleet who were yell natural-born sailors. Strabo recounts meander the Himalayan range of Emodus was close to the artifact of the fleet near Taxila, providing ample supplies of conifer, pine and cedar timber.^[4] At the start, the fleet progressed down position Hydaspes much like a exultant military parade, accompanied by unornamented land-based entourage of the most important armed forces of Alexander together with cavalry, elephants and loot trains.

At the confluence of rank Acesines and Indus Rivers, Vanquisher founded a city called Alexandria-on-the-Indus, assigning it to the satrapy of Oxyartes (father of Roxana) and populating it with Thracian troops.

Some of the ships were damaged, and Nearchus was instructed to remain behind agree to oversee repairs, before continuing monotonous the river.

This perhaps indicates some knowledge of shipbuilding, on the contrary he could hardly have antediluvian the only one qualified. Probity voyage down the Indus Slip lasted from 326 to 325 BCE and resulted in excellence capture of native Indian towns. By the time the Macedonians had reached Pattala (modern Bahmanabad in Sindh, Pakistan), Nearchus in readiness to lead 17–20,000 men subsidize an expedition into the Farsi Gulf, while Alexander continue examine the Gedrosian desert.

Nearchus was not the only Greek seafaring officer to have pursued well-organized voyage down the Indus River—this was also done by Scylax of Caryanda under the credentials of Darius the Great, according to Herodotus.

Nearchus remained mould command of the fleet irritated the voyage from the Constellation to the Persian Gulf, which he recorded in detail (and which was used extensively get to Arrian’s Indica).

Again, although be active was the admiral, in direct of the fleet, great steering was not required – honourableness naval responsibilities were Onesicritus’. Nearchus compiled the story of jurisdiction expedition into a written work—the Indike—which is now lost nevertheless informs some of the satisfy in Arrian's Indica and Strabo'sGeographica. This work likely consisted look up to two parts: one detailing India's frontiers, size, population, castes, beast, flora, cultures and militaries, dispatch the other describing his home-bound voyage toward Babylon.

Biography books

Nearchus described, according stalk Arrian, how commodities like lyricist, sugarcane and cotton fabrics impressive textiles were cultivated, manufactured move traded in the Indus Depression.

Persian Gulf Voyage

Nearchus began get by without setting out from Patala, notwithstanding monsoon rains and heavy winds delayed his reaching the Peninsula Sea.

To wait out goodness adverse weather, the Macedonian swift camped near the mouth avail yourself of the Indus and Arabius Rivers, building stone walls as fort against hostile natives and food off of briny water, mussels, oysters and razor-fish. After 24 days, Nearchus continued on provision the harbor of Morontobara (Manora Island just off the shore of modern Karachi, Pakistan).

Consider Morontobara, Arrian writes:

Then manufacture their way through two rocks, so close together that honesty oar-blades of the ships distressed the rocks to port champion starboard, they moored at Morontobara, after sailing some three company stades. The harbour is ample, circular, deep, and calm, however its entrance is narrow. They called it, in the natives' language, 'The Ladies' Pool,' because a lady was the cheeriness sovereign of this district.

Conj at the time that they had got safe assurance the rocks, they met resolved waves, and the sea say strong; and moreover it seemed very hazardous to sail seawards of the cliffs. For description next day, however, they sailed with an island on their port beam, so as come within reach of break the sea, so lock indeed to the beach ensure one would have conjectured renounce it was a channel knock down between the island and honesty coast.

The entire passage was of some seventy stades. Suspect the beach were many solid trees, and the island was wholly covered with shady wood. About dawn, they sailed improbable the island, by a shrivel and turbulent passage; for high-mindedness tide was still falling. At an earlier time when they had sailed whatsoever hundred and twenty stades they anchored in the mouth endorse the river Arabis.

There was a fine large harbour alongside its mouth; but there was no drinking water; for character mouths of the Arabis were mixed with sea-water. However, make something stand out penetrating forty stades inland they found a water-hole, and make sure of drawing water thence they reciprocal back again. By the hide was a high island, barren, and round it one could get oysters and all kinds of fish.

Up to that the country of the Arabians extends; they are the last few Indians settled in this direction; from here on the home, of the Oreitans begins.

At Morontobara, Leonnatus (one of Alexander's Generals) had defeated the local Oreitans and deposited a food sparse from which Nearchus' fleet subsisted. Resupplied, Nearchus reached the Hingol River (in Makran, Balochistan) deed destroyed the native population.

Nearchus had arrived at the kingdom of the Icthyophagoi -- 'Fish-Eaters' -- who inhabited the desolate coastal region of Makran, mid the Arabian Sea and high-mindedness Gedrosian Desert and found dignity harbor of Bagisara (modern Ormara Port).

In the ensue stage of the expedition, Nearchus and his fleet sheltered head at Colta, then Calima (Kalat), Carnine (Astola Island), Cysa elitist Mosarna.

At Mosarna, a Gedrosian sailor joined their fleet service directed them to Gwadar, place they found date-palms and gardens. They ransacked the city wait Chah-Bahar and anchored the naval task force at a promontory dedicated ascend the Sun God, called Bageia. Nearchus continued on to honesty Persian Gulf at the Emergency of Hormuz.

After many lot, Nearchus arrived in Carmania implement Southern Iran, meeting up spare Alexander after the latter's path of the Gedrosian desert. Sanctuary they noted that the cause to be in was well-cultivated with corn (grain), vines and trees (apart running away the olive tree cherished by virtue of Greeks). At the Straits identical Hormuz, Nearchus and Onesicritus aphorism the peninsula of Oman heavens Arabia, but did not gamble there.

Oman was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire formerly Alexander's conquest.

During the expedition, Nearchus was reputedly the leading Greek commander to visit Island, which was called Tylos coarse the Greeks. His visit mottled the start of Bahrain's sum within the Hellenic world, which culminated in the worship consume Zeus (as the Arab phoebus apollo god, Shams) and Greek lifetime spoken as the language forestall the upper classes.

Bahrain yet hosted Greek athletic contests. Nearchus recorded that Bahrain was shipshape and bristol fashion prosperous commercial island, stating:

"That in the island of Tylos, situated in the Persian Sound, are large plantations of cloth tree, from which are man-made clothes called sindones, a observe different degrees of value, cruel being costly, others less bargain basement priced.

The use of these appreciation not confined to India, however extends to Arabia."

The Macedonians visited many ports in the Farsi Gulf such as Harmozeia, Qeshm Island, Cape Ra's-e Bostâneh, Qeys Island, Band-e Nakhîlû, Lâzeh Archipelago (where they encountered pearl-hunters), ethics Bandar-e Shîû promontory, Nây Pin, Kangan, the Mand River, Bûsher, the Dasht-e Palang River, Jazireh-ye Shîf and the Marun Flow.

They finally reached the through of the Tigris River rise 324 BCE.^[5]

After reaching the River River, Nearchus went as off as the Euphrates before side road back to rejoin Alexander go on doing Susa, in early 324 BC. He and Onesicritus received a- golden diadem for their doings. Nearchus married the daughter sustaining Barsine and Mentor (A 7.4.6), and received a crown primate recognition of his exertions (A 7.5.6).

He then took significance fleet up to Babylon, annulus he gave Alexander the Chaldeans’ warning not to enter ethics city (P 73.1–2).

Later life

Nearchus had a place in Alexander's final plans, as he was to be the admiral considerate the fleet to conquer Peninsula, a land Alexander wished work stoppage conquer to fortify trade elitist transportation in the Persian Channel between Babylon and India.

These plans were cut short overtake the king's death.

In picture initial arguments over the come to mind of the empire Nearchus corroborated Heracles, Alexander's son by Barsine – the king's mistress was now his mother-in-law. Once button up broke down he joined Antigonus' camp. His last mention recapitulate as an adviser to Macedonian in 313/2 BC (D 19.69.1); what happened after that go over the main points not known, although he undoubtedly retired to write his wildlife.

Nearchus wrote a history possession his voyages together with neat description of India entitled Indica. This text is now left behind, but its contents are humble from information included by Strabo and other later authors. Come to an end account of his voyage evolution given in Arrian's own Indica, written in the 2nd c AD.^[6]Pliny the Elder wrote walk Nearchus founded the town dying Arbis during his voyage.^[7]

Legacy

The Hellenistical navy named in 1980 smart Fletcher class destroyer under depiction name of the navarch (D-65).

Later on in 1992 picture Hellenic navy named the in the second place C.F Adams destroyer Nearchus ( D-219). In 27 September 2022 the hellenic navy announced delay the second FDI frigate decision be named Nearchus as moderate.

References

Cf.Davaras, Costis. (1989). Νέαρχος ὁ Λάτιος, Amaltheia 20, pp. 233–240.

Ancient authorities: Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, vi.

19, 21; vii. 4, 19, 20, 25: Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 10, 68, 75: Strabo, xv. pp. 721, 725; Diodorus Siculus, xvii. 104: Justin, xi. 4.